台湾における尼僧と女性の仏教実践 : 歴史的展開と新しく生み出される価値
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概要
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This paper attempts to analyse and assess the multifaceted history of Taiwanese Buddhist women in two respects. On the one hand, the changing in the Buddhist female community is argued as reflection of some particular historical movements in the history of Buddhism in Taiwan. On the other hand, Buddhist women will be seen not only as result of a state of affairs, but also as 'creators' of the Buddhist patterns present on the island. During the Qing dynasty there were few ordained Buddhist women but a large number of Vegetarian Women. This situation was a consequence of many obstacles met by Buddhist women in becoming fully ordained, and, in these terms, adhering to the Vegetarian Religion was a less difficult way to follow the Buddhist path. The situation of the Buddhist nuns in Taiwan during the Japanese occupation is closely connected to the activism of the founders of the Four Great Lineages (si da menpai) of Taiwanese Buddhism: Benyuan (1883-1946), Shanhui (1881-1945), Jueli (1881-1933) and Yongding (1877-1939). Because of these four monks' efforts, nuns' education was promoted and their position inside the monastery as well as in the larger community was elevated. Three major nunneries: Longhu Nunnery, Yuantong Chan Nunnery and Pilu Chan Nunnery marked the first step in the historical development and renewal process of the Bhiksuni Sangha in Taiwan. The three phases of the history of Buddhism in the post-war Taiwan were expansion of nuns' full ordination and their activities. The first period (1946-1960) is characterized by the arrival of well-known Buddhist monks from Mainland China. Through their support, the Triple Altar Ordination Ceremony was held at Daxian Monastery (Tainan) in 1953 as the first full ordination ceremony organized in Taiwan after 1945. The second period (1961-1980) saw a constant improvement of the Buddhist education, and the founding of a number of Buddhist institutes. The third period began in 1981, and saw a steady development of nuns' social engagement in the preceding phase, such as spreading the Dharma, improving education, participating in charity missions and organizing medical services for the needy. The multifaceted reality of Buddhist women can be taken as a lens through which to explore and to define the historical development of Buddhism in Taiwan. Buddhist women shaped the identity of Taiwanese Buddhism, and at the same time are a mark of the identity of Taiwanese Buddhism.
- 神戸大学の論文
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