近代的地方財政改革と地方自治
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概要
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The postwar students have had much to say about the danger to local self-government. For example, U. K. Hicks pointed out that a great deal of the traditional freedom and initiative of British local government had been lost. Again, H. Finer presented a question whether any more excheguer grants could be done without destroying local government and local economy. In fact, it may safely be said that these deep concern about the local self-government crisis is prevailing in all countries at present. It should be, however, noted at the outset that although much was said about the local self-government of the present stage of history, they discussed the subject without clearing up what the local self-government is. Thus, it is the purpose of this treatise to give some accountof the prototype of the modernlocal self-goverhment, established in Britain about the middle of nineteenth century. In other words, it is beyond the scope of our treatment to show a direction of the local self-government at the present stage of history: we should like to inquire here into the historical background of the establishment of the modern local self-government and thereby to clear up its character as the modern type. Viewed in the foregoing light, the several capitalistic, liberal reforms are treated, especially the Poor Law Amendment Act, 1834 and the Municipal Corporation Act, 1835, through which, as generally accepted, the modern local government system was established in Britain. Although the traditional old local government had taken shape gradually out of the mists of medieval society, the picture was completely changed since the Industrial Revolution. Those reforms, of course, was all due to the capitalists claim in the process after the Industrial Revolution. Therefore, the prototype of the modern local self-government can be said to be naturally based on the unrestrained, free society of competition, that is to say, the modern type of local self-government was the unrestrained one. Surely, local self-government, in general, as well as all other notions, can fully be understood by referring it to the historical, social background which gave it birth. The modern type of local self-government was also nothing else than the fruit to take shape out of the rising period of Capitalism in the mid-nineteenth century. Although the prototype of the local self-government is, of course, sterotyped, the foregoing understanding is bound to be the very prereguisite to the discussion of the local government of the present stage of history.
- 桃山学院大学の論文