経済成長と技術進歩 : ケインズ派循環的成長理論の一検討
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Apart from a few example, economists of the classical or neo-classical school were predominantly concerned with problems of market equibrium-with the pricing process, not with the problems of growth -and the techniques developed by these theory were ill adapted for dealing with capital accumulation and growth as a continuing process. The most advanced part of the Walrasian general equibrium theory was really concerned with the implication of a state of long-period stationary equibrium. The recent revival of interest among economics in questions of economic growth, however, seems to have derived from the study of fluctuations and of the relation between fluctuation and trend. It was cleared to a new approach to a theory of growth on the basis of Keynesian "macro- economics". But most Keynesian economics for the first ten or fifteen years after the publication of the General Theory, apart from the attempt of R.F. Harrod, were more concerned with the explanation of cyclical fluctuations than with economic igrowth. These trade cycle models were sometimes made to revolve around a rising long-term trend, but these trends were tagged on to the cycle models and not themselves explained. Meanwhile, a stationary model concerning the nature of the growth process in a capitalist economy must also account for the remarkable historical constancies revealed by recent empirical investigations. It was known for some time that the share of wages, the share of profits in the national income, and the capital/output ratio, has shown constancy in developed capitalist economies since the second half of the nineteenth century. Such constancy in the share of profit and in the capital/output ratio also involves constancy in the rate of profit earned on investments. But existing theories are unable to account for such constancies except in terms of particular hypothesis. Thus, the purpose of this essay is that it shows that the constancy in the capital/output ratio, in the share of profit and in the rate of profit can be shown to be the consequence of endogeneous forces operating in the system and not just the result of some coincidence, through the critical examination about N. Kaldor's growth model. At the same time, we are intend to do the comparative examination with the other recent predominant theory of economic growth or dynamism such as by Harrod, Domar, Kalecki, Robinson etc.. The main issues in this essay is devoted to four major aspects in which this new approach to the problems of growth and accumulation radically depart from ealier theories, both Keynesian and pre-Keynesian. (1) The first of our four aspects concerns whether the existence of a rising trend is compatible with the unhindered operation of the multiplier-accelerator mechanism on which cycle models are based. (2) The second concernes some assumptions of Kaldor's model, that is, a generalisation of keynesian theory of income generation so as to cover both under-employment and full-employment situations. (3) The third, the relation of the rate of economic growth to the profitability of investment. (4) The fourth, the relation of capital accumulation and technological progress. (The end)
- 桃山学院大学の論文
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- 経済成長と技術進歩 : ケインズ派循環的成長理論の一検討