Pronominal and adverbial clitics in Old English : Evidence from Beowulf (Part 1)
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In Old English pronouns and short adverbs such as pa then;paer `there', and ponne `then'tend to cluster in clause-initial position together with conjunctions as indicated in italics in the following example (cf. Kuhn 1933, Fourquet 1938, Hopper 1975, Hock 1985, van Kemenade 1987, Pintzuk 1991, 1996, 1999, and Fischer et al. 2000). ond h<CallMacro=205><0131> hyne <+P=1><-P=1.5CallMacro=200><(>PSイタ<)><Reverse=0.5CallMacro=205>a <+P=1>b<CallMacro=205>egen abroten <+P=2>h<0230>fdon, Beo 2707 and they<0173>NOM. him<0173><Forward=0.8CallMacro=22>ACC. then both destroyed had and they had destroyed him togetherThis paper examines the distribution and stress of pronouns and short sentential adverbs in Old Eng<DH>lish Beowulf and show that they are sentential clitics. As evidence for this claim, those pronouns and short adverbs that cluster in clause<0173>initial <DH>position are metrically unstressed (cf. Kuhn 1933 and Pintzuk 1991, 1996, 1999). In addition, these elements occur in a sequence in a specific order and some of the pronouns show the phenomenon of clitic climbing. Also, personal pronouns tend to avoid clause<0173>initial position although not demonstrative pronouns and adverbs (cf. Hopper 1975 and Pintzuk 1991, 1996, 1999). On the other hand, many of the non<0173>clitic i.e. stressed counterparts appear to be under emphasis: they <DH>occur in pre<0173>verbal position. In case of pronouns, they are accompanied by appositive phrases. Also, the first and the second person pronouns are more often stressed than the third person pronouns presumably because they are discourse prominent.
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