重度・重複障害教育の現状と今後の課題

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The most difficult problem to be solved before implementing a compulsory system of special education in 1979 is how to educate the severely and multiply handicapped children. In this report, I made clear the development education for them and discussed the present conditions and the future problems of the education. The definition of the severely and multiply handicapped has not been clear. From the educational standpoint of view, it is the term of children's conditions with serious and multiple handicaps, and also with difficulties in receiving educational treatments. It was after Second World War that a systematic education for the severely and multiply handicapped was started. In our country, the Yamanashi school for the blind started the education for the blind-deaf children since 1949, and brought excellent results how to educate them. Since the year 1955, the classrooms for the multiply handicapped have been yearly established in special schools. In 1973, the National Kurihama Special School for severely and multiply handicapped was established, after then it caused to establish another special school for the double or more handicapped. In this result, the security of school education for the severely and multiply handicapped, who were allowed to extend enrollment, has been yearly developed. Meanwhile, as it is an increasing tendency for them to receive school education, many institutions for the mentally retarded or phsically handicapped children, who are necessary to regulate on their daily life or medical cares, have school affiliated with them. Presently, various systems of special education are utilized in institutions; for example, attending special schools or classes in institutions, visiting teacher education, or going to school in community. There is a decreasing tendency in children of school age in the facilities since 1974, and the number of children not attending school is also decreasing remarkably. In institutions for the severely mentally and physically handicapped children, it is an increasing tendency for children to have special education in accordance with their handicaps. The system of teacher visiting the homes of the severely and multiply handicapped of school age who did not attend school, started in Kanagawa and Chiba since 1969, and after five years such kind of system was established in all prefectures. There are differences among prefectures in the selection and assignment of visiting teachers, the content and methods of instruction, and the hours of tutorship. In many instances, this system has been conducted as a temporal means until the completion of special school facilities is made. However, it is very important to utilize the services of visiting teachers for the effective education of children for whom learning at home is deemed to be desirable. By this system, the number of children who had been deprived of the opportunity for education in schools or facilities has been decreasing recently. Presently, it is extremely difficult to be educated for the severely and multiply handicapped, because there had not been any establishment of curriculum and teaching method for them. Through the educational experiences of these severely and multiply handicapped, the writer proposed the content of teaching as follows: (1) health and security, (2) locomotions of body and walkings, (3) practical uses of functions of sensory-motors, (4) plays, (5) self-cares, (6) communication, (7) participation in group, and socialization, and (8) basic school subjects. On the bases of the writer's mentions on the present conditions for the severely and multiply handicapped, some discussion points of the future problems are proposed as follows: (1) Complete implementation of school education for the severely and multiply handcapped, (2) Improvement and enlargement of special schooling facilities, (3) Improvement of system of visiting teachers, (4) Establishment of curriculum and teaching methods, (5) Development of guidance for school enrollment, (6) Co-operation between schools and institutions, (7) Training of teachers.
1978-12-15

著者

中山文雄
岩手大学

重度・重複障害教育の現状と今後の課題

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