西晉における五等爵制と貴族制の成立
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概要
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The hierarchical structure established under the Han Dynasty consisting of a single order of social ranks from emperor to commoner was transformed under the Western tin Dynasty into two separate estates, consisting of nobility and commoners, respectively. This new structure was the result of the emperor using his kingship powers to create an aristocracy, consisting of five ranks, as a state (political) hierarchy. This aristocratic order, along with a new provincial-level recommendation system known as zhouda-zhong-zheng) helped give rise to a bureaucratic system operating on the basis of heredity. Although administrative appointments (i. e., the meritocracy) could not be inherited, aristocratic rank could be, leading to one of the characteristic features of the Chinese aristocratic order, a bureaucracy based on heredity, which the imperial power of the Western Jin Dynasty created. Within the Western Jin recommendation system, scholarly excellence was determined by investigators known as zongzhengguan operating on the wider provincial (zhou) level, free of imperial intervention, which resulted in the establishment of an autonomous aristocratic order on the local level. In contrast, on the central level, it was the emperor who personally conferred ranks of nobility, resulting in a politically oriented aristocracy lacking autonomy from imperial authority as a group of talented individuals not holding bureaucratic office. Since the aristocracy was supposed to exist as the guardian (monopoly) over cultural values with a position in society centered around Confucian ideas, all of its members were by no means happy within in an aristocratic system not based on inherited rank, i. e., a system existing as a state (political) hierarchy under imperial guidance. Such dissatisfaction was expressed in criticism of the zongzhen provincial-level recommendation (classification) system and the movement to reinstate xianlung, the self-determination (classification) of scholarly ability at the local level.
- 財団法人史学会の論文
- 2007-03-20