私教育に対する国家統制のはじまり : 1757年「私教育における外国人教師資格試験令」をめぐって
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概要
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In 18th-century Russia, private education (i.e., education by home tutors, private pensions, and private schools) was widespread among the nobility, but from the 19th century onwards, the sphere of activities gradually shifted to state education. Amidst the process of formalizing a national education system, concomitant with the shift from private to state education, the 1757 edict, which implemented the testing of foreign nationals involved in private teaching for teaching qualifications, was an epoch-making event. This manuscript examines the implementation of testing foreign nationals for teaching qualifications, using the minutes and other sources from Moscow University faculty meeting, which was the testing body, and the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. Further, in this way, I shall try to ascertain the state of private education, which has not been touched upon much by existing research. Despite there being great differences in ability between the people taking the foreign teachers qualifying test, the majority had passed some sort of educational exam, and it cannot be said that teaching qualifications were necessarily given only to suitable candidates who possessed the requisite abilities. In addition, even after the law was introduced in 1757, "unnurturing and unsuitable" foreign teachers were often discussed as a social problem by the government and intelligentsia. Although prerequisite for managing private pensions and private schools, the acquisition of qualifications by foreign teachers was not necessarily strictly observed in the workplace, and auditing by the government authority in charge of monitoring private education facilities also focused more on the quality of education and teacher performance itself, rather than whether or not any qualification was held. Nevertheless, the foreign teacher qualification was held to show teaching ability, and it is a fact that it was recognized by some sectors of society. Moreover, holding the qualification opened up avenues not only for private tutors, but also for teachers in public institutions, which became gymnasia and universities. At the time when there was a shortage of native Russian teachers for secondary and higher education, the qualifications system made it possible to assure promptly a fixed level of teachers in state educational institutions. Certainly, the poor opinion of educators at the time towards the foreign teachers' qualifications system was a direct factor thereafter in the strengthening of state controls in the arena of private education. Nevertheless, from the point of view of qualifying educators, this system must also be evaluated as the first sure step towards the formation of a state education system, including private education.
- 2005-03-31