図們江(豆満江、Tumen River)開発を巡る周辺諸国・地域の政策 : 「構造調整」下の北東アジア地域経済協力の可能性と展望(経済摩擦と国際秩序-パックスアメリカーナと日・韓・中の地域経済圏-,総合研究)

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The area around the mouth of the Tumen River had in the past been an area of dispute where the borders of Japan, China and Russia met, and in the post war period has been a region of pronounced military tension involving North Korea, South Korea, China, Russia, Japan and the United States. However, China's market opening, and the collapse of the Soviet Union and its movement towards a market economic system, have given birth to new possibilities for international cooperation and regional development. In 1990 a United Nations organization and the provincial government of the Chinese Province of Jilin with the participation of people related to the governments of North and South Korea, Japan, and Russia, made a plan for the international joint economic development of the area. In this plan the United Nations assumed a coordinating role, and the Tumen River Area was established as an international free trade zone, providing a fitting union between Chinese and North Korean labor, Russian natural resources, and South Korean and Japanese technology and capital to greatly improve economic conditions in all the countries involved, while serving to relax international tensions. The plan proved to be unrealistic however, in the face of the harsh realities of political and economic difficulties in Russia, military tension on the Korean Peninsula, and deep recession in Japan. There was also domestic friction and opposition to the plan in each country. Being a thinly populated area, there was nothing to act as an axis for economic activity, and in the absence of international cooperation the plan could not be expected to move forward. It was hoped that economic cooperation would be a foundation for the improvement of political relations, but political opposition in fact suppressed the development of economic cooperation. Japan was expected to play an important role, but with the exception of Japanese regional governments along the coast of the Sea of Japan, response has been dull, and the government has not shown any constructive activity. The plan was revised to make it more realistic than the original, expansive concept. From the announcement of the idea, progress was slow, but gradually collaborative enterprises trickled in. This led to each country understanding the meaning and necessity of cooperation. Eastern Siberia and the Far East region of Russia, slow to revive economically, petitioned the central government for the right to expanded economic independence, and to cooperate more closely with surrounding countries. Russia however, fearful of the increasing distance between the center and the regions, would not reply to its requests for economic independence. However, without means of help or revival, the central government in 1996 approved the promotion of international cooperation by local governments. North Korea, suffering through economic crisis and political isolation, and struggling with internal opposition, signaled a move to relax political tension and cooperate economically. For Japan the plan is economically and politically very significant. The United States, which is the key currency country, is running twin deficits and is a long-standing debtor nation, and as such it cannot take on the risk arising from the fluctuation in exchange rates. In these circumstances, it is necessary for Japan to reduce and disperse its investment risk. For Japan the preservation and use of the natural resources of Siberia and the Russian Far East is of great importance. A reduction in military tension could lead to a wide reduction in military expenditure burdens. For the relatively underdeveloped area along the coast of the Sea of Japan, the benefits of coastal trade would be large. On the other hand, there is also the possibility of negative effects on regional manufacturing and agriculture. For the political stability and economic development of the Far East, it is necessary to analyze the necessary measures and their effects dispassionately, free from the ideological restraints of the Cold War.
1997-03-25

著者

海野八尋
金沢大学経済学部

図們江(豆満江、Tumen River)開発を巡る周辺諸国・地域の政策 : 「構造調整」下の北東アジア地域経済協力の可能性と展望(経済摩擦と国際秩序-パックスアメリカーナと日・韓・中の地域経済圏-,総合研究)

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