アメニティの経済分析(過渡期における現代都市問題の諸現象分析,総合研究)
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概要
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The Japanese urban residential environment has been deteriorating commensurate with rapid population concentration and economic growth, but hardly ever has the amenity of the urban residential environment been discussed. Until now it has been difficult to secure amenity by maintenance and improvement of the residential circumstances because of the more pressing task of removing more serious environmental problems endangering human life and the ecological system. Recently, however, the consciousness of amenity is awakening in Japan and various movements toward achieving amenity are being initiated. The purpose of this paper is to prove the existing consciousness of amenity, analyze the reasons why amenity cannot be realized optimal supply in the market, and examine the economic policies necessary to realize it. While Great Britain has pursued amenity for almost a centry, Japan began its pursuit of amenity prompted by the "Review of Environmental Policies in Japan" of OECD in 1976. Though the term of amenity has been defined in many ways, it is usually interpreted as the overcoming of factors impeding amenity such as environmental disruption, and the achievement of a harmonious, pleasant residential environment. Amenity has two characteristics: firstly, it has an aspect of public good in itself accompanied by external technological effects; secondly, it has an economic characteristic in that its value increases with the passage of time. These characteristics can result the market failure and amenity goods for the present and future are in short supply. It should be noted, however, that government intervention to correct the market failure may be unsuccessful because of the very existence of the second characteristic. There are five means for the protection of nature and historic buildings in urban areas: (1) public ownership; (2) subsidy; (3) regulation; (4) change of use; and (5) national trust. Among them, (4) change of use can realize the long-term protection of amenity without the allocation of public funds, and (5) national trust is beneficial in complementing political failures. Public works adopted to realize amenity provide the following benefits: (1) they do not require a large investment if there are economies of scale; (2) They promote citizen involvement; and (3) they supply amenity to the lower income class. An efficient public supply of amenity will be possible when the various public works are unified. It has also been shown, with regard to the quality of amenity, that nonconvexity of preferences develops and that multiple local optima are possible. In such a situation, it is preferable to prepare a greater supply in anticipation of future supply shortages.
- 日本大学の論文
- 1989-03-20