民国初期の旗地政策と華北農村 : 直隷省の場合(近代中国の経済と社会,共同研究)
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概要
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At the beginning of the Republic of China there were a vast quantity of bannerlands centered around Shuntianfu in Zhili province. There were roughly two means by which the bannerland system was dismantled: one was by gratuitous recovery, and the other was by disposition for a consideration. After the Xinhai-geming, some of the peasants and the Zhuangtou refused to pay the annual tributes to the Qing dynasty or the bannermen, and demanded to recover the bannerlands. This was linked with the demands for democratic and nationalistic reforms by the intelligentsia, the local parliament, and selfgoverning bodies. Yuan Shih-Kai's regime destroyed the system of parliamentary democracy, intensified his policy of absolutism, and closed the way to reforms. However, Yuan Shih-kai himself soon after adopted the policy of promoting the conversion of bannerland into private land and disposing of it, for the purpose of establishing his dynasty. This policy included depriving the bannermen of the privilege of tax exemption, and apart from a stipulated amount, the assets of the Qing dynasty were nationalized and disposed of. He also violated the tacit agreement "not to raise the annual tributes from the bannerlands at will, nor deprive the peasants of their right of farming." Although this may have been the way to "modernization" that Yuan Shih-kai dynasty was aiming at, Yuan Shih-kai abandoned the idea of the dynasty in the 3rd revolution and had to give up his bannerland policy. The period during which Yuan Shin-kai's policy was in effect was short and it had little effect, but a survey in Shajing village in Shunyi-xian revealed examples of deprivation the bannermen of the privilege of tax exemption, and disposition of bannerlands by banner lords to peasants as a result of Yuan Shih-kai's policy. Since bannerland transactions among the peasants were made for considerable sums, from the point of view of the peasants disposition for a consideration meant buying the same land twice. There are many examples of peasants undertaking privatization of the bannerlands themselves, and thus being able to recover them gratuitously. Yuan Shih-kai's policy formed the basis for the disposition of bannerlands for a consideration by successive governments. The Beijing governments that followed promoted the disposition of bannerlands at the instigation of the imperial and noble banner lords who were suffering economic problems, and out of the need to overcome financial difficulties. However, the policies were always changing along with the constant changes in governments. In October 1924, Feng Yu-xiang staged a coup and expelled Pu-i from Zijin Palace against the background of a growing mood of national revolution. In June 1925, all the bannerlands were to be disposed to the peasants for a consideration, and from then on the disposition of bannerlands went full swing. Although the price was considerably reduced, the forcible disposition for a consideration was still hard on the peasants. Furthermore, insufficient studies were carried out for its execution, resulting in inevitable confusion and problems were inevitable. The fact that the banner system continued until the 1920s and was then rapidly dismantled is thought to have had quite an impact on the society and economy of the agricultural villages in Hebei province in the Republican period. It could be said that the existence of the banner system is reflected in such ways as the lack of development in dismantling the farmer stratum and of the tenant farming system, in the system of prior payment of rent for tenancy in money, and in social relationships within the villages, etc., as well as in changes in these as a result of dissolving the banner system.
- 日本大学の論文
- 1987-03-20