「出店紛争」の構造と中小小売業(中小小売業に対する政策提案,共同研究)
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概要
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Among the various changes occuring in Japan's retail industry, the most noticeable is the rapid growth of supermarkets, which retail all kinds of products and operate a selfservice system. Looking at chain-stores, which own more than half of all supermarkets, it can be seen that their share of annual retail sales had already topped those of department stores (8.4%) in 1972 when they accounted for 8.7%. One of the major reasons for what is referred to as "large-scale shop disorder" widely prevalent throughout the country, and which has contributed to a significant structural change in the nation's trading business, has been this fast increase in supermarkets chains, particularly big capital chain stores. Moreover, because these large chain stores have begun setting up branches concentrated in areas with small populations, a countrywide movement in opposition has been launched by regional medium and small retailers. Thus, this is not simply an economic struggle between old and new forms of retail capital engendered by the branching out of large-scale outlets, but has developed to become a problem enmeshing regional society, that is to say a social problem. The legal regulations for the large-scale retail business in Japan have been formulated through the prewar "Department Store Law" (enacted in 1937), and in the postwar era, the "Department Store Law" (1956),"The Large-Scale Retail Store Law" (1974), for department stores and large-scal supermarkets, and the amendment of that law (1978). The shift from the "Department Store Law" to the "Large-Scale Retail Store Law" did not only signify a change from a system of approval to one of notification however. The new law was revolutionary in stipulating in order of priority three points: 1) safeguarding the interests of the consumer, 2) protecting the opportunities of medium and small retail businesses, 3) the proper development of the retail industry. In this way trading policy transferred its attention from the protection of the medium and small retail business to safeguarding the interests of the consumer with a view to promoting the modernisation of distribution. But, despite the various rules effected, there has been no clarification to form a basis for administrative intervention into the distribution structure; no policy principles have been forthcoming for the tangible regulation of branch stores. So when such attempts at regulation take place, there is much disorder. To begin with it is being asked if, to cope with the investment capital for facilities for new branches, administrative intervention and some form of restrictions cannot be effected. Examination should also be made of the arguement for the promotion of largescale stores in the process of modernisation, which is the concept behind the "Large-Scale Retail Store Law." Added to this, the problem of the special characteristics of the retail industry must be taken up. The ratail industry is a regional industry restricted by the extent of the regions, linking industry and the consumer. In particular for medium and small retailers the choice of market is limited regionally. Therefore the establishment of branches by the large stores tends to degrade the existing trade integration and future business plans. As a result, they have a considerable effect on regional industry. In this light, while a basis is laid for administrative intervention so that the introduction of branches by the large stores will not be unrestricted, the principles of regulatory policy should also take into account the regional economies. With the above points in mind, it can be said that the present regulatory system is lacking in the implementation of restrictions from the point of view of business location policy. The basis of administrative intervention should be in conformity with legal regulations and a business location policy in that the retail business is inseparable from land utilisation. It is essential that improvements be made to the regulatory provisions in the "Large-Scale Retail Store Law." While medium and small retailers should endeavour to better their management skills, means should be found to cope with large stores through industrial policy and policies incorporating the coordinated location of businesses. With this form of comprehensive regulation, autonomous bodies with the power to restrict should have an important role to play.
- 日本大学の論文
- 1984-03-20
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