「メフメト2世のワクフ文書」群の成立
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概要
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Immediately after the conquest of Byzantine Constantinople by the Ottomans in 1453, the city began to be developed as the Ottoman capital, Istanbul. In order to discover the remaking process of Istanbul as an Islamic city, the documents concerning vakif (pious endowment) by Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror have great importance, because his construction of some pious or charitable institutions (e.g. mosques, medreses and hospitals) and a number of markets were undertaken within the framework of the vakif system, which contributed remarkably to the reorganization of Istanbul. Therefore the study of vakfives (endowment deeds) and other account registers concerning his vakif should provide valuable information on the details of this process. It should be also noted that these documents contain valuable information about the topography of the city of that period, since vakif of Sultan Mehmed covered almost all the districts of walled Istanbul and Galata. In spite of their obvious significance, usage of these documents as historical sources has been quite limited up till now. One of the reasons for this condition must be the insufficiency of the textual critique of the documents, which appear in several manuscripts some of which show great differences. Since none of the vakfiye manuscripts has ever been investigated in detail, much less compared with each other, the relationship between these manuscripts has not been exactly explained, even though they have been used by many scholars without comprehending their real character. In this paper, I will attempt to compare these documents in detail and show how and when each vakfiye was compiled. This fundamental work should better enable them to be utilized as historical source materials. At present nine original or copied vakfiyes of Sultan Mehmed concerning with walled Istanbul and Galata are known in the archives in Turkey. These are; 1: Topukapi Sarayi Muzesi Kutuphanesi Hazine No.1808 (published by T. Oz in 1935) 2: Turk ve Islam Eserleri Muzesi No.2202-666 (published by O. Ergin in 1945) 3: Basbakanlik Osmanli Arsivi Ali Emiri Tasnifi Fatih No.63 4: Basbakanlik Osmanli Arsivi Ali Emiri Tasnifi Fatih No.71 5: Tapu ve Kadastro Genel Mudurlugu Yeni No.2199 6: Topukapi Sarayi Muzesi Arsivi E.7744-4 (published by T. Oz in 1935) 7: Turk ve Islam Eserleri Muzesi No.2182-646 8: Tapu ve Kadastro Genel Mudurlugu Yeni No.2166 9: Vakiflar Genel Mudurlugu Anadolu Defteri, Fatih Vakfiyesi (published by Vakiflar Umum Mudurlugu in 1938) As a result of the analysis of these vakfiyes and other registers of the vakif. the following points become clear. (1) The first assignment of Sultan Mehmed's vakif to the Ayasofya Mosque was made around 1456. It can be known that there were two groups of property assigned to that vakif. One group includes shops and kerbansarays, the construction of which began in 1456 according to Kritoboulos' chronicle. The other includes mukata'a (rent) of the houses which remained from the Byzantine period and were inhabited by immigrants into Istanbul. Examination of the vakif documents of Sultan Mehmed makes it clear that the assignment of the mukata'a of those houses to vakif is closely related to the survey of the city buildings carried out by Cubbe Ali in 1455 or 56. Although Dursun Bey and Asikpasazade wrote that the levy of mukata'a was given up immediately after the survey, vakfive No.2 and the register of 1489/90 show that a part of mukata'a remained in the vakif property. It should be noted, however, that the vakfiye made at the time of this assignment has not yet been found. (2) In 1463, construction of a new institutional complex called Fatih Imareti was begun. The complex contained a mosque, eight medreses, eight small medreses, a hospital and a traveler's hostel. Up to 1472-3, during the service of Grand Vezir Mahmud Pasa, only the great mosque (Fatih Cami'i) and the eight medreses had been completed, when one vakfiye was drawn up (i.e. No.2). In this document, Ayasofya and other mosques converted from Byzantine churches, and which had already been assigned vakif before 1472 were enumerated together with the new Fatih mosque and medreses. The vakif property included shops, bathes and kerbansarays in the city, houses with mukata'a levy, a part of cizya revenue, and 5 villages in Rumeli. Because of the absence of the older vakfiye, it is not possible to compare the vakif property's contents, though it can be said that the number of houses with mukata'a levy were increased in 1471 or 72, which corresponds to the period of the service of Grand Vezir Rum Mehmed Pasa. The manuscript of this vakfiye was kept in the turbe (tomb) of Sultan Mehmed, it shows this vakfiye is available at the time of Sultan Mehmed's death, Dec. 1481. But it contains some defective points. When we compare it with other two manuscripts of this type of vakfiye (No.3 and No.4), the content of these vakfiyes are similar to but do not agree with that of vakfiye No.2. This probably shows that there were a few provisional vakfiyes before the completion of the new complex of Sultan Mehmed. There remains another vakfiye of Akataleptos imareti (traveler's hostel), which was also drawn up in 1472 or 73. This confirms that some churches were used for Islamic charitable purposes after the conquest and were assigned each vakif. These institutions were generally converted into mosques and managed as belongings to the Ayasofya Mosque after the completion of the Fatih complex. (3) It is likely that the new complex was completed in 1482. Afterwards, the vakif of Sultan Mehmed was reorganized. Institutions that had been managed with vakif were divided into two groups: the Fatih complex and the mosques converted from Byzantine churches, e.g. Ayasofya Mosque, the vakfives of which were newly drawn up. The Fatih complex, whose vakfiye (No.5) dated 28 Dec. 1482 still exists, contained as its institutions all the elements of the new complex in the heart of the city. It was assigned vakif of 45 villages in Rumeli, a part of cizya revenue and 12 bathes in Istanbul and Galata. On the other hand, the vakfive of Ayasofya and other mosques of this time have still not been found. But we can obtain some information from the register of Ayasofia dated 1489/90 and other sources. It seems that these mosques were managed with vakif consisting of shops in markets, kerbansarays and houses with mukata'a in the city. Probably vakif assignment of this time resulted from the survey of the city buildings carried out by Fenari Alaeddin'Ali in H.887. (4) After the assignments in 1482, two vakif foundations were actually managed in this form. But, these two vakfiyes were compiled into one volume under the order of Sultan Bayazid II in 1496. Three manuscripts of this volume remain (No.6, 7 and 8). The compilation of this vakfiye was likely intended to praise the achievements of Sultan Mehmed II, because the description of the vakif property was abbreviated to a certain extent. Therefore, we must be careful in using these vakfiyes as a historical source. This is also the case with its Turkish translation in the middle of the 16th century (No.9), which contains many embellished expressions.
- 日本中東学会の論文
- 1988-03-31