A Decade of Aerosol and Gas Precursor Chemical Characterization at Mt. Lemmon, Arizona (1992 to 2002)
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概要
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Aerosols (PM_<2.0>), and associated precursor gases have been continuously monitored at Mt. Lemmon (2791m ASL), Arizona, since September 1992. Month-long samples are collected on filters and chemically analyzed resulting in a decade-long record with over 100 data points for each species-among the longest such records currently available. The species determined include SO^<2->_4, NO^-_3, C1^-, NH^+_4, Ca^<2+>, Mg^<2+>, K^+, Na^+, elemental carbon (EC), organic carbon (OC), NH_3(g), SO_2(g), HCl(g) and HNO_3(g). The data reveal long-term trends, seasonal variations, and correlations between species. PM_<2.0> (1.48μg m^<-3>, annual mean) is mainly comprised of SO^<2->_4 (49% w/w), NH^+_4 (16%), EC (11%) and OC (22%). The mean SO^<2->_4/NH^+_4 equivalent ratio is 1:1 suggesting complete neutralization. Median PM_<2.0> was 1.33μg m^<-3> (range=0.17-4.32μg m^<-3>). Median EC was 0.14μg m^<-3> (0.01-0.76), and median OC was 0.29μg m^<-3> (0.03-1.33). The annual mean trends of all species, with the exception of SO^<2->_4, SO_2(g), NH^+_4 and NH_3(g), appear to be increasing, but some trends may not be statistically significant. Long-term decreasing trends in SO_2(g) and SO^<2->_4, reflect source controls implemented over the past decade, whereas HNO_3(g) has been increasing, possibly due to increased NO_x emissions associated with population growth in the region. The associated conversion of agricultural land to urban use might be leading to a decrease in NH_3(g). Annual trends for EC (5.2±2.7ng m^<-3> y^<-1>) and EC/OC ((1.5±0.75)×10^<-2> y^<-1>) appear to be positive and significant, but there is no significant annual OC trend. There appears to be a significant secondary source of OC, presumably derived from photoxidation of biogenic hydrocarbons. There is no significant trend in the calculated annual mean extinction coefficient but the calculated single scattering albedo (ω) may be decreasing (-1.5±1.1×10^<-3> y^<-1>), possibly caused by increasing EC associated with forest fires and/or fossil fuel combustion. Depending on the value of the critical single scattering albedo, the aerosol might already be a net absorber, or it might only become so by the end of the century if current trends continue.
- 社団法人日本気象学会の論文
- 2006-08-25
著者
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OHTA Sachio
Lab. of Atmospheric Environ. Eng., Grad. School of Eng., Hokkaido Univ.
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Murao Naoto
Division Of Environment And Resource Engineering Graduate School Of Engineering Hokkaido Univ.
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Murao Naoto
Laboratory Of Atmospheric Environment Engineering Graduate School Of Engineering Hokkaido University
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Murao Naoto
Dept. Of Sanitary And Environ. Engineering Hokkaido Univ.
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Ohta Sachio
Laboratory Of Atmospheric Environment Engineering Graduate School Of Engineering Hokkaido University
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Ohta Sachio
Lab. Of Atmospheric Environ. Eng. Grad. School Of Eng. Hokkaido Univ.
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Hori Masahiro
Earth Observation Research And Application Center Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency
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MATICHUK Rebecca
Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado
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BARBARIS Brian
Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona
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BETTERTON Eric
Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona
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WARD Dale
Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona
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Ward Dale
Department Of Atmospheric Sciences University Of Arizona
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Betterton Eric
Department Of Atmospheric Sciences University Of Arizona
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Barbaris Brian
Department Of Atmospheric Sciences University Of Arizona
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Matichuk Rebecca
Laboratory For Atmospheric And Space Physics University Of Colorado
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