インド洋の陶磁貿易 : トルコと東アジアの交流をめぐって(第3部:アジア・太平洋の海を繋ぐ肥前陶磁,<特集>東南アジアの土器と施釉陶磁器)

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Recently, two important archaeological artifacts have been found. One is a shard of blue & white dish, a rare type that was discovered only at Banten Lama, formerly the largest Indonesian port city site of the Pre-Modern Age located at the western end of Java (Fig.1). This, by stylistic comparison to Turkish Iznik ware, can be dated to the latter part of the 15^<th> century. A second find of Iznik ware, recovered in Japan is shards of an enamel dish, an artifact typical of the period of greatest prosperity of the Ottoman Empire, in the Maeda Residence Site, Edo, Japan from the early Edo period (Fig.2). This latter dish can be dated to the early part of the 17^<th> century. Furthermore, it is also very interesting to note the presence of three white slipped Martaban jars in the Topkapi Sarayi Palace, Istanbul, where the well-known beautiful wall decoration of Iznik tiles is an important feature (Fig.3-5). In this palace of Ottoman Empire, there is a massive collection of oriental ceramics named the Topkapi Collection. The collection is famous for the high quality of its Yuan and Early Ming period Chinese porcelain. Even so we do have also to pay attention, however, to the relatively low quality of the ceramics of later periods, the 17^<th> through 19^<th> centuries, for example the print block type with split pagoda motif enamel large dishes of Zhangzhou ware (Fig.15), the large blue & white dishes of Jingdezheng ware, decorated with characteristic flower motif (Fig.6), and mold-made small cup of Defua ware, from Fujian (such as Fig.20). In fact, the ceramics of this later period account for some 83% of total of this collection. Moreover, we can see not a few shards of these same types ceramics in the collection in many port city sites of Southeast Asia, such as that of Banten Lama. On the other hand, early types of the Iznik ware were also already found in the al-Fustat site, in Egypt, the site of famous oriental ceramics discoveries (Fig.8). Therefore, the distribution of the Iznik wares in al-Fustat, Banten Lama and Edo may suggest the existence of global ceramic trade activity throughout the whole in Asian maritime area. With regard to global ceramic trade, I think the role of white slipped Martaban jars of Myanmar are also important in this context as they were generally used as receptacles for drinking water in the maritime region from the Indian Ocean to East Asian Sea between the 15^<th> to the 18^<th> century, and are evidenced as artifacts of many sites in this area (Map 1). Based both on archaeological finds and also museums collection ranging from the east cost of Africa to Japan, recoveries could be divided three categories; the first type of the jar, comprises only one from of large size was already exported from the late 15^<th> to the late 16^<th> century, such as those from the Lena cargo of the Philippines (Fig.11) and collection of the Lhokseumawe Museum, in Aceh province, Indonesia (Fig.12). The second category of jar comprised three sizes, and was exported from end of the 16^<th> to the end of the 17^<th> century, such as those recovered in the San Diego cargo of the Philippines (Fig.14-4) and artifacts from the Otomo Funai-machi Site, Japan (Fig.14-5), and the third category of jar, again only a large size one, had not been exported from the 18^<th> century until now, like artifacts of kiln sites around Mandalay, Myanmar (Fig.14-1,2). It is very typical archaeological evidence for long distance trade on the Indian Ocean with Southeast and East Asian sea area after latter part of the 15^<th> century. The main export activity of this type of jar was practiced primarily by the Islamic/Muslim merchants from the Mon area, Myanmar to Pulicat and Machilipatnam of the Coromandel Coast, South India or to Aceh, northern end of Sumatera, Indonesia. The first type of the jars was found to be useful and was brought to Istanbul, in the west and to the Philippines in the east, however, no jars of the third type were taken abroad because of the appearance of many kinds of Chinese vessels at that time. The ceramic trade between the Ottoman Empire areas with East Asia commenced at least from the late 15^<th> century. It is continued on a large scale to end of the 18^<th> century, and could be divided into three periods. During the First period, from the late 15^<th> to the late 16^<th> century (Map 2), exchange between Istanbul and the Indian Ocean was by way of Egypt. Ordinary the Southeast Asian ceramics, such as Myanmar green wares played an important role to make up the deficit of Chinese ceramics during this period. After the middle of the 16^<th> century, however, export of Chinese ware was started again with ensuing wide distribution. Among this stream of ceramics, the early type of the Iznik ware (a kind of Fig.7), although rare, was brought to Southeast Asia. In the Indian Ocean, the Gujaraties of western India took an active part in maritime trade, but the Mon of Myanmar also played a certain role. The Ottoman fleet also once during a short period of time entered the Indian Ocean to act against the Portuguese and reached as far as Aceh, Sumatra. The exchange of the Second period (Map 3), the 17^<th> century, was undertaken via Mocha, Yemen, at the mouth of the Red Sea. Both Zhangzhou ware, the typical Chinese ware for the Southeast Asian market at this time, and Japanese Hizen ware were brought to West Asia. Because there are special ordered ceramics by West Asia at this time, it may be considered that such trade activity may also have continued throughout the Islamic area in Southeast Asia. Like that of the first period, the late type of Iznik ware could also, in exception cases, be brought to Japan. At this period, merchants of the Coromandel Coast and the Islamic nations in Southeast Asia, such as Aceh or Banten, played an important role in the trade of the Indian Ocean compared to that of the contemporary European powers. In the Third period, during the 18^<th> century (Map 4), numerous Chinese ware, including low quality Fujian wares were carried to south and west Asia (Fig.18-20). The mass export of Chinese goods to Southeast Asia and the activation of pilgrimages to Mecca by Muslim people provide a background to this activity. The route by way of the Red Sea was still in use, and the ceramic trade at this time was influenced by enlargement the scale of the total activity of trade rather than the quality of ceramics. In such a situation, trade networks between the Chinese junk traders and that of the Hadhrami traders from Yemen who at this time immigrated to the east, overlapped with each other. Overall, such phenomenon of long distance trade in Asia on the time from the late 15^<th> to 18^<th> centuries shows that the unity between that of the Indian Ocean with the East Asian maritime area was developed by local peoples during a situation based confrontation against the incoming European powers. In the pre-modern age, life of the local peoples in the whole Asia although far each other, for example Turk and Japanese, was related in common at the same time, through human connectoion in such trade.
2005-12-27

著者

坂井隆
上智大学アジア文化研究所

インド洋の陶磁貿易 : トルコと東アジアの交流をめぐって(第3部:アジア・太平洋の海を繋ぐ肥前陶磁,<特集>東南アジアの土器と施釉陶磁器)

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