「土器・陶磁器から見たセレベス海域の交易・歴史時代」 : 交易ネットワーク・複合社会の発展過程に関する歴史考古学的試論(第2部:東南アジアの土器,<特集>東南アジアの土器と施釉陶磁器)
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概要
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"Celebes Sea" is a conceptual zone based on its historical and ecological background. Geographically, Celebes Sea is surrounded by the three large islands as Borneo in Malaysia, Mindanao in Philippines, and Sulawesi in Indonesia, together with two small islands groups as Sulu Islands in Philippines and Sangihe-Talaud Islands in Indonesia. Ecologically, Celebes Sea composed mainly three different environments as (1) mangrove coast, (2) large coral reefs, and (3) deep ocean. Historically, it is well known that some Islamic complex societies or kingdoms such as Sulu and Magindanao were established around the Celebes Sea during 17^<th> to late 19^<th> centuries. In Archaeological study, however, previous studies had not shade light on this age in this region. Based on these facts and problems, I and Center of Indonesian Archaeological Research in Jakarta and Manado has recently conducted archaeological excavation research in Sangihe-Talaud Islands. The object of this paper is to provide an archaeological perspective on the development of long and regional trade networks and complex societies in Celebes Sea at "Trade and Historical" age, based on excavated potteries and ceramics including our recent discoveries from Talaud Islands. I also try to integrate the recent outcomes from historical studies in this region, and discuss about the date and possible backgrounds for the emergence of complex societies in Celebes Sea. Regarding the age of emergence of complex societies, I firstly focus on the dates of excavated trade ceramics and their characters. These trade ceramics can be the best indicator for the establishment of the long trade network system mainly with China into Celebes Sea. As the result of analysis and comparison, I confirmed the date of emergence of trade ceramic into Celebes Sea may back to early 13^<th> century. This date is much later than surrounding regions such as northern Philippines and western Borneo, where the emergence of trade ceramics can be backed to 9^<th> century. The possible reason for the late establishment of the long trade network with China can be asked for the geological isolated location and very limited population in Celebes Sea zone. Secondly, I focus on the date and variation of each pottery types excavated from the sites produced both ceramics and potteries. These potteries can be the best indicator or traces of the inner or regional trade and human networks in Celebes Sea. As the result, I confirmed four possible regional network zones in Celebes Sea. All these zones produced the specific pottery type as indicator such as Rarangunusa type potteries among southern Mindanao and Sangihe-Talaud Islands zone. The emerging dates of the each pottery types show some varieties. Among them, Rarangunusa type potteries emerged earlier than others around 13-14^<th> centuries, hence this type might be newly made under the influence of trade ceramics and new human networks. Other pottery types also show some relation with these newly introduced materials and design such as Islamic arts in much later times. Based on these temporal results, the establishment of long and regional trade and human network system in Celebes Sea might be backed to 13^<th>-14^<th> centuries. According to some historical documents and studies, however, the emergence of complex societies or kingdoms dated back much later times as 16^<th>-17^<th> centuries. These facts and results indicate the establishment of long and regional trade and human networks can be one of the major backgrounds for the emergence of complex societies in Celebes Sea, as similarly pointed by the archaeological studies in central Philippines. However, there are also two other possible backgrounds for the emergence of complex societies in Celebes Sea based on the historical studies. These are (1) influence of Islamic culture and system, and (2) drastic increase of population by the "slave trade" actively done under Sulu and Magindanao kingdoms. On these points, the context for the emergence of complex societies in Celebes Sea is not same with those in surrounding regions. The intensive archaeological study focusing on "Trade and Historic" age in Celebes Sea has just started and our archaeological data are yet limited. The further analysis on excavated artifacts and intensive excavation should be required for the future study.
- 2005-12-27