アメリカ合衆国における「黒人文化論」(その4) : チャールズ・ヴァレンタインの二重文化内化論(2)

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This is the fourth of the serial papers I have been writing under the title "Perspectives on Black Culture," and I would like to express my gratitude to the editors of this Review for accepting this awkwardness of publishing the sequel of the papers formerly published in another journal. The subtitles of the preceeding three papers are : (1) Cultural Identity of Black Americans (2) Black Culture : Ethnic or Lower Class? (3) Bicultural Theory of Charles Valentine (1) They appeared in vols. XII-XIV (March 1991-1993) of the International Culture, published by The Obirin University International Cultural Research Institute. This publication was terminated last year as a consequence of the reorganization of the institute. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the "Bicultural Theory," or "Bicultural Model," proposed by Charles Valentine, an anthropologist, to understand the culture and socialization of Black people in the United States. His bicultural model was presented in the "cultural deprivation" controversy in the 1960's as an alternative to "deficit model" and "difference model." The essence of this idea is that a human group can be simultaneously enculturated and socialized in two different cultural systems. While the previous models emphasized the incompetence of the minority children in the dominant culture, Valentine was unique in that he argued for the competence of minority children, specifically Afro-Americans, in mainstream skills as well as in their distinctive ethnic culture. Nevertheless, he argues that this biculturation of "double competence" tends not to be actualized in performance because of the way the mainstream institutions relate to them. He attributes the failure of these children to the mainstream institutions itself and criticizes the former models for providing the self-justification for this failure. Closely following a case history of an 8-year-old Afro-American boy to see how a "rather difficult" child was made to be a "psychotic" in the imagination and practice of mainstream professionals surrounding him, Valentine points out that the deficit and difference models are both detrimental to the Afro-Americans in that they are embedded and further strengthen their stereotypic assumptions about the minority people. Hence, he initially uses the notion of "double competence" to refute the deficit and difference models, and to neutralize the ethnocentrism in the part of the mainstream staffs (teachers and social workers, etc.) by showing Afro-Americans are more competent in mainstream skills than those professionals would expect ; and later, he regards the mainstream institutions as responsible for stifling the biculturation process. His later work contains further insight and elaboration of the biculturation model. The first elaboration is that he pays closer attention to the issue of "double consciousness" or "divided identity." The second is that he emphasizes more than before the truncation of biculturation. In this process, he draws more heavily on the work of W. E. B. DuBois. He recognizes DuBois's famous remark about the "twoness" of black people as a classical statement of biculturation, and he understands the concept of "double consciousness" as the idea DuBois used to clarify the impact of the surrounding white world on the inner life of black people." My analysis of Valentine's argument is motivated by my interest to construct a view of cultural articulation which is not that of plural hierarchies. Valentine's biculturation model which emerged from the controversy in the 1960's merits the serious consideration by those interested in the present arguments around the issue of multiculturalism.
桜美林大学の論文
1995-03-30

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中村(笹本) 雅子
桜美林大学

アメリカ合衆国における「黒人文化論」(その4) : チャールズ・ヴァレンタインの二重文化内化論(2)

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