トルコにおける政軍関係の再検討 : 1960年クーデタにおける将校団の「団体としての利益」
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概要
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Today, we cannot ignore the existence of the military in the understanding of Turkish politics. Since the establishment of the republic in 1923, Turkey has experienced military interventions three times. These interventions are very crucial to explain the civil-military relations in Turkey, and they have attracted great interest among researchers. In many preceding studies, these interventions were almost all explained in the context of the so-called "Kemalism, " a national principle established by the founder of the republic, Mustafa Kemal Ataturk. These studies often emphasized the military's role as "the guardian of Kemalism, " as being a principal cause for these interventions. However, this explanation is not enough to explain the cause of the intervention, and it overlooks the practical aspects. This article intends to analyze the military intervention in 1960, as a first step for the reexamination of the civil-military relations in Turkey. It specifically focuses on the corporate interests of the officer corps, as defined by Nordlinger. The Turkish military have had a close relationship with the Republican People's Party (Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi, CHP), which was in power during the single-party years of 1923-1945 and for the next five years. However, there were many officers who supported the Democratic Party (Demokrat Parti, DP) as a reformist power. Consequently, it can be said that there apparently existed a lack of unity among the officer corps, particularly with regard to ideology. On the other hand, however, the officer corps had a common background, such as with reference to social origins and economic conditions. Therefore, the officer corps could form an independent social group and possess corporate interests without the ideological unity. In the CHP years, the political interests of the officer corps were decreased owing to the "depoliticization" policy and the degradation of the Chief of Staff. However, there were still many representatives who had a military background, and who were related to the CHP. For that reason, the officer corps barely maintained its political interest. On the other hand, in the DP years, the government intervened in the dismissals and promotions of the officers. Moreover, through the dismissal of ex-officer cabinet members, the access of the officer corps to Turkish politics was completely disconnected. With the loss of political interests, the economic interests of the group were also damaged. The failure of DP's economic policy strongly affected the officers' lives. After the 1960 intervention, these forfeited corporate interests were recovered by the 1961 Constitution, which was formed under the supervision of the junta. The National Security Council (Milli Guvenlik Kurulu, MGK) was established in 1961, to ensure the political interest and access to politics by the officer corps. The Chief of Staff joined the MGK and expressed the military's opinions there. The Armed Forces Pension Fund (Ordu Yardimlasma Kurumu, OYAK), which was also established in 1961, functions to secure the military's economic interests. Each of these organizations continues to exist today, and has a great influence on Turkish society. From these analyses, it would seem that the corporate interests of the officer corps influenced the 1960 intervention in Turkey.
- 日本中東学会の論文
- 2005-03-31
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- トルコにおける政軍関係の再検討 : 1960年クーデタにおける将校団の「団体としての利益」
- 書評 Philip Robins, Suits and Uniforms: Turkish Foreign Policy since the Cold War
- トルコにおける政軍関係の再検討 : クーデタとその要因分析を中心に(中東研究博士論文要旨)