サハラ以南アフリカにおける稲作生産と灌漑開発 : ケニアを中心として
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概要
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Have the problems of food shortage and hunger been solved due to coming of good rainfall in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA)? Food crisis in SSA were not caused by bad weather conditions alone. The import of cereals in SSA has sharply increased since the mid of 1970's. The increase of food import is due to the stagnation of food production and the increase of population. F. Lofchie analyzed the causes of food crisis are 1) external factor in relation to the deterioration of international trade conditions, 2) internal factor which means umbalanced development arisen from import substitution industrialization promoted by SSA governments, and 3) foreign assistance. Rice is not a major crop, but the consumption is increasing more and more in SSA. The income elasticity of demand to rice is high with wheat, particularly in urban areas. Most of SSA governments have enforced tight control to food price and marketing so that urban people do not have something to complain of high food price. Food price for producers was low due to price policy. Thus, farmers did not have incentives to grow more food. SSA governments have to import rice to meet the gap between production and consumption. Food import loses important foreigh currency to promote industrialization. Thus, some gevernment starts development of modern and large irrigated rice projects aided technically and financially by foreign governments. While rice is not a staple food in Kenya, its demand is gradually increasing due to the high income elasiticity. Domestic consumption of rice was 40,000 tons in 1985. The government anticipates that 90,000 tons is needed to meet the domestic demand of rice in 1989. The major rice production areas are in the irrigation development areas managed by the para-state organization. According to the report of the World Bank, the cost of development of modern irrigated paddy fields is estimated 25,000 US$ per ha and 17,000 US$ per job. Paddy field is a kind of fixed cost and can be used for long periods. Thus investment, however, can not be permitted under the economic situation of Kenya. A lot of rural poor people can get fund to invest to existing production factors in place of costly irrigation development. Rice farmers are mere labor suppliers under the irrigated development projects managed by the government. He can not play his ability as amanager and an entrepreneur.
- 1990-05-25