ガンジス中下流域における農業と農村

概要

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The lower Ganges basin is one of the oldest agricultural regions of the world, and is considered as the original place of rice culture from where it has spread over Southeast and East Asia in the ancient times. There grow three kinds of rices in the Ganges delta ; namely Aus, Amon as Kharif (summer) crops and Boro as Rabi (winter) crops. Aus cultivation coincides with the period of monsoon rainfall and is earlier maturing variety than the Amon variety. Aus and Amon rice is usually planted in over flooded plain in rainy season, and Boro is originally cultivated around marsh where the needed moisture is given even in dry season . The Shueido method which appeared in one of the Chinese classics, which was practised in the Yangtze basin in China also adopted the same pattern in which paddy fields were naturally flooded. It is evidenced also in Chinese classics that the Chinese witnessed the practice of the Rac system in ancient Vietnam in which rice cultivation was operated by the paddy field with river water during the high tide. In prehistoric Japan, people seems to have adopted this primitive type of cultivation, because many village sites in the Yayoi age were founded along back-marsh of the old river or lagoons near the former coastline. Double cropping of rice cultivation is practised as far as southern part of China particularly in Kuantung Delta and Taiwan. In Japan this system of rice cultivation has been developed independently in the 20th century in the limited area in South Western part where the temperature is high and typhoon often destroy the ordinarly rice, to avoid this failure something like the Aus type of Indian rice has been brought up, but the area under double cropping of rice in Japan is decreasing every year due to the shortgage of man power in the rural area. Boro, the winter rice, is planted as far as North Vietnam owing to the length of growing season. In the middle and upper Ganges Plain the rainfall decreases gradually and rice cultivation become less and wheat, barely and millets take the place. The artificial irrigation is profitable to Rabi crops by means of well, tank or canal. Among them perenial canal is rather recently developed in India. On the contrary the canal irrigation for paddy field in China and Japan developed much earlier. It was so apparent that F. von Richthofen differenciated the agriculture of India from that of China according to the irrigation type: that is, over-flow or flood irrigation in India and canal irrigation in China. Actually well and tank irrigations in India have developed since the ancient time and have been develo ping rapidly particularly since the Independence. F. von Richthofen did not see those types of irrigation, so he classified very simply as above-mentioned. But his classification even adopts to the paddy cultivation in the lower Ganges. Rice cultivation gives more yield per acre than other cereals, and it needs much care : for example, transplanting, weeding and especially irrigation. Therefore rice cultivation has become a family management on a small scale.
地理科学学会の論文
1969-05-20

著者

米倉二郎
広島大学・文学部

ガンジス中下流域における農業と農村

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