-0539-PROGRESSION OF LV HYPERTROPHY IN PATIENTS WITH MILD HYPERTENSION

スポンサーリンク

概要

• 論文の詳細を見る
• 社団法人日本循環器学会の論文
• 1990-07-20

著者

• Kushiro Toshio

  Department of Cardiology, Nihon University Surugadai Hospital

• Kushiro Toshio

  Department Of Cardiology

• Kajiwara Nagao

  Department of Cardiology, Surugadai Nihon University Hospital

• Doba Nobutaka

  Third Department Of Internal Medicine Ichihara Hospital Teikyo University School Of Medicine

• DOBA NOBUTAKA

  The 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine

• SHUKUYA MASAKI

  The 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine

• YOSHIDA HIDEO

  The 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine

• INAGAKI MASAYUKI

  The 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine

• Tomiyama Hirofumi

  Department of Cardiology, Surugadai Nihon University Hospital

• Kajiwara Nagao

  Department Of Cardiology Surugadai Nihon University

• Kushiro Toshio

  Department Of Cardiology Surugadai Nihon Univ.hospital

• Tomiyama Hirofumi

  The 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Tokyo Medical University

• Inagaki Masayuki

  The 3rd Department Of Internal Medicine Teikyo University School Of Medicine

• Shukuya Masaki

  The 3rd Department Of Internal Medicine Teikyo University School Of Medicine

• Shukuya Masaki

  The 3rd Department Of Internal Medicine Chiba University

• Kajiwara Nagao

  Division Of Cardiology Department Of Medicine Nihon University School Of Medicine

• Kushiro Toshio

  Second Department Of Internal Medicine Nihon University School Of Medicine

• Doba Nobutaka

  The 3rd Internal Medicine Teikyo Medical School

• Tomiyama Hirofumi

  Department Of Cardiology Surugadai Nihon University Hospital

• Yoshida Hideo

  Third Department Of Internal Medicine Ichihara Hospital Teikyo University School Of Medicine

• Tomiyama Hirofumi

  Department Of Cardiology Nihon University Surugadai Hospital

• Nagao Ken

  Department Of Cardiology Resuscitation And Emergency Cardiovascular Care Surugadai Nihon University

• Yoshida Hideo

  The 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Teikyo University Ichihara Hospital

• Doba Nobutaka

  The 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Teikyo University Ichihara Hospital

• Kajiwara Nagao

  Departmemt of Cardiology, Surugadai Nihon University Hospital

• Kushiro Toshio

  Departmemt of Cardiology, Surugadai Nihon University Hospital

関連論文

• PJ-076 Plasma Epinephrine and Epinephrine/norepinephrine Ratio During Head-up Tilt Test Decrease with Aging in Patients with Neurally Mediated Syncope(Autonomic nervous system-3, The 71st Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Circulation Society)
• PJ-075 Cardioinhibitory Component of Neurally Mediated Syncope is Decreased with Aging(Autonomic nervous system-3, The 71st Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Circulation Society)
• OJ-187 The Usefulness of Combination Therapy with Bepridil and Class 1c Anti-arrhythmic Drug on Pharmacological Defibrillation of Persistent Atrial Fibrillation(Arrhythmia, therapy-08, The 71st Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Circulation Society
• Clinical and Electrophysiological Characteristics of Binodal Disease
• OJ-205 The Focal Ablation of Atrial Flutter after Linear Ablation of Cavotricupid Isthmus(Arrhythmia, therapy-4 (A) OJ35,Oral Presentation (Japanese),The 70th Anniversary Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Circulation Society)
• PJ-633 Alcohol produces imbalance of adrenal and neuronal sympathtic activity in patients with alcohol-induced NMS(Autonomic Nervous System 5 (H) : PJ106)(Poster Session (Japanese))
• OJ-453 The long-term effect of cilostazol in patients with sino-atrial nodal dysfunction(Arrhythmia, Pharmacological Therapy 5 (A) : OJ55)(Oral Presentation (Japanese))
• OJ-187 The Usefulness of Combination Therapy with Bepridil and Class 1c Anti-arrhythmic Drug on Pharmacological Defibrillation of Persistent Atrial Fibrillation(Arrhythmia, therapy-08, The 71st Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Circulation Society
• PJ-597 The Long-term Effect of Cilostazol on Symptomatic Bradycardia and Preserved Cardiac Function in Patients with Sick Sinus Syndrome(Arrhythmia, therapy(16)(A),Poster Session(Japanese),The 72nd Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Circulation Soc
• PJ-402 Long-term Outcome of Combined Therapy with Bepridil and a Class Ic Antiarrhythmic Drug after Pharmacological Cardioversion of Persistent Atrial Fibrillation(Arrhythmia, therapy(25)(A),Poster Session(Japanese),The 72nd Annual Scientific Meeting of t
• Pure Ventricular Septal Myocardial Infarction in a Young Man With Coronary Artery Ectasia
• Mismatch Between Results of Myocardial Fractional Flow Reserve (FFR) Measurements and Myocardial Perfusion SPECT for Identification of the Severity of Ischemia : Pitfall of FFR in Patients With Prior Myocardial Infarction
• PJ-260 Two-year Outcomes After Sirolimus-Eluting Stent(SES) Implantation in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) in Emergent Procedure(Coronary revascularization, PCI(19)(IHD),Poster Session(Japanese),The 72nd Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japan
• PJ-725 Safety and Efficacy of Sirolimus-Eluting Stent (SES) in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) in Emergent Procedure(Coronary revascularization, PCI-17, The 71st Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Circulation Society)
• PJ-496 Plasma Homocysteine and Risk for Congestive Heart Failure in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction(Heart failure, clinical-14, The 71st Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Circulation Society)
• PE-001 Increasingly Well preserved Left Ventricular Function in Hospital Survivors with Acute Myocardial Infarction : Evaluation by Advancement of Reperfusion Therapy(Acute myocardial infarction, clinical (diagnosis/treatment)-4, The 71st Annual Scientifi
• OE-261 Mechanism of Prevention of Cardiac Events by Angiotensin-converting Enzyme Inhibitors and Angiotensin Receptor Blockers in High-risk Myocardial Infarction Patients(Acute myocardial infarction, clinical (diagnosis/treatment)-1, The 71st Annual Scien
• PJ-778 Statin-Induced Improvement of Lipid Metabolism Leading to Decreased Oxidative Stress Attenuates Vasoconstrictivity in Patients with Vasospastic Angina(Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion, basic/clinical-6 (IHD) PJ136,Poster Session (Japanese),The 70th
• PJ-636 Lower Baseline Body Mass Index is a Predictor of Coronary Atherosclerosis Regression before Statin Treatment : A Six-month Prospective Study(Atherosclerosis, clinical-13 (H) PJ107,Poster Session (Japanese),The 70th Anniversary Annual Scientific Mee
• PJ-486 HDL Cholesterol is Associated with Coronary Plaque Regression in 'Good HDL Cholesterol Responders to Statins' : A Six-month Prospective Study(Atherosclerosis, clinical-12 (H) PJ82,Poster Session (Japanese),The 70th Anniversary Annual Scientific Mee
• OJ-367 Synergistic Effect of Pravastatin and Amlodipine on Coronary Atherogenesis : Evaluation by 3-Dimensional Intravascular Ultrasound and Malondialdehyde-Modified Low-Density Lipoprotein Levels(Atherosclerosis, clinical-5 (H) OJ62,Oral Presentation (Ja
• Effect of Pioglitazone on Arteriosclerosis in Comparison with That of Glibenclamide (Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Basic/Clinical 3 (H), The 69th Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Circulation Society)
• Serum Levels of Apolipoprotein A-I Predict Atherosclerotic Plaque Volume at Vasospasm Site in Angiographically Near-Normal Coronary Arteries(Atherosclerosis, Clinical 2 (IHD), The 69th Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Circulation Society)
• Comparison of the Effects of Losartan and Enalapril on Ventricular Remodeling and Long-Term Prognosis after Acute Myocardial Infarction(Old Myocardial Infarction/Remodeling 1 (IHD), The 69th Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Circulation Society)
• EFFECTS OF CHRONIC ADMINISTRATION OF THE ENDOTHELIN OF THE KIDNEY FUNCTION AND SYMPATHETIC NERVE ACTIVITY : Cardiovascular Drugs : 53 Annual Scientific Meeting, Japanese Circulation Society
• Alcohol Produces Imbalance of Adrenal and Neuronal Sympathetic Activity in Patients With Alcohol-Induced Neurocardiogenic Syncope
• PJ-597 The Long-term Effect of Cilostazol on Symptomatic Bradycardia and Preserved Cardiac Function in Patients with Sick Sinus Syndrome(Arrhythmia, therapy(16)(A),Poster Session(Japanese),The 72nd Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Circulation Soc
• PJ-402 Long-term Outcome of Combined Therapy with Bepridil and a Class Ic Antiarrhythmic Drug after Pharmacological Cardioversion of Persistent Atrial Fibrillation(Arrhythmia, therapy(25)(A),Poster Session(Japanese),The 72nd Annual Scientific Meeting of t
• OJ-187 The Usefulness of Combination Therapy with Bepridil and Class 1c Anti-arrhythmic Drug on Pharmacological Defibrillation of Persistent Atrial Fibrillation(Arrhythmia, therapy-08, The 71st Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Circulation Society
• STUDIES ON LIPIDS AND FIBRINOLYTIC ACTIVITY IN BLOOD DURING HEMODIALYSIS : (Part II)
• COMPARISON OF MANUAL AND COMPUTER-ASSISTED AUTOMATIC MEASUREMENTS OF WALL THICKNESS OF THE LEFT VENTRICLE IN TWO-DIMENSIONAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY
• THE EFFECTS OF CENTRAL AND SYSTEMIC 6-HYDROXYDOPAMINE (6-OHDA) PRETREATMENT ON HEMODYNAMIC RESPONSE WITH CENTRAL ADMINISTRATION OF 5-HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE (5-HT) IN RATS : Hypertension(II) : II : 48 Annual Scientific Meeting, Japanese Circulation Society
• ROLE OF RENAL SYMPATHETIC NERVE IN DEVELOPMENT OF HYPERTENSION IN SPONTANEOUSLY HYPERTENSIVE RAT (SHR) : PROCEEDINGS OF THE 47th ANNUAL SCIENTIFIC MEETING OF THE JAPANESE CIRCULATION SOCIETY : Hypertension
• STUDIES ON HYPERTENSION: EFFECTS OF SALT ADMINISTRATION ON HUMORAL FACTORS AND HISTOLOGICAL CHANGES IN SHR : IInd Auditorium
• ANTIHYPERTENSIVE EFFECT AND CHANGES IN URINARY NOREPINEPHRINE AND IN C-PEPTIDE EXCRETION DURING LOW CALORIE REGIMEN IN OBESE ESSENTIAL HYPERTENSIVES : Hypertension : 53 Annual Scientific Meeting, Japanese Circulation Society
• PERIPHERAL CIRCULATION DURING RESTING AND COLD EXPOSURE : EFFECTS OF ADRENOCEPTOR ANTAGONISTS IN ESSENTIAL HYPERTENSION : Pulmonary, Peripheral, Cerebral Circulation : 53 Annual Scientific Meeting, Japanese Circulation Society
• Use of Bepridil in Combination With Ic Antiarrhythmic Agent in Converting Persistent Atrial Fibrillation to Sinus Rhythm
• PJ-658 Glomerular Hyperfiltration and Insulin Sensitivity(Kidney/Renal circulation-5, The 71st Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Circulation Society)
• PJ-121 Relationship of High Sensitivity C-reactive Protein and Conventional Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Multiphasic Health Testing and Services(Preventive medicine/Epidemiology/Education-7 (H) PJ21,Poster Session (Japanese),The 70th Anniversary Annual
• Renoprotective Effect and Cost-Effectiveness of Using Benidipine, a Calcium Channel Blocker, to Lower the Dose of Angiotensin Receptor Blocker in Hypertensive Patients with Albumiuria
• PJ-225 Long-term Renoprotective Effect with Calcium Channel Blocker on Top of Either Maximum or Lower Dose Angiotensin Receptor Blocker in Hypertensives(Hypertension, clinical-9 (H) PJ38,Poster Session (Japanese),The 70th Anniversary Annual Scientific Mee
• High Sensitivity C-reactive Protein, Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Insulin Sensitivity in Screening Examination
• PJ-414 Prevention of Hypertensive Renal Complication by Monotherapy or Combination of Angiotensin AT1 Receptor Blocker and Sympathetic Antagonists in SHR/Izm.(Kidney/Renal Circulation 2 (H) : PJ69)(Poster Session (Japanese))
• OJ-533 Lipoxygenase Inhibition Attenuates Hypertension And Hypertensive Renal Damage In Dahl Salt-Sensitive Rats(Kidney/Renal Circulation 3 (H) : OJ65)(Oral Presentation (Japanese))
• Lipoxygenase Inhibition Reduces Hypertensive Organ Damage in Dahl Salt-Sensitive Hypertensive Rats
• Tempol attenuates development of hypertension and hypertensive renal injury in Dahl salt-sensitive (Dahl-S) rats
• Estrogen and hypercholesteromia are associated with contraction to angiotensin II
• Age associated increase of oxidative stress in women
• Class of Antihypertensive Drugs, Blood Pressure Status, and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in Hypertensive Patients : A Case-Control Study in Japan
• PJ-008 Lipoprotein(a) is an Independent Predictor of the Presence of Lipid Pool-Like Images Detected by Intravascular Ultrasound in Infarct-Related Coronary Artery(Acute myocardial infarction, clinical (diagnosis/treatment)-5, The 71st Annual Scientific M
• Leisure-Time Physical Activity and Related Lifestyle Characteristics Among Middle-aged Japanese
• Does Reverse Redistribution of ^TI Myocardial Perfusion SPECT Reflect Functional Recovery after Myocardial Infarction?(Nuclear Cardiology 8 (I), The 69th Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Circulation Society)
• A Rapid Low-Dose/High-Dose One Day 99mTc-sestamibi Gated Myocardial Perfusion SPECT Protocol(Nuclear Cardiology 7 (I), The 69th Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Circulation Society)
• PJ-674 Dose Obesity Attenuate Anti-atherosclerotic Effects of Statin on Coronary Atherosclerosis? : 6-month Prospective Study(Diabetes / Obesity / Metabolic syndrome(13)(H),Poster Session(Japanese),The 72nd Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Circul
• PJ-529 A Decrease in Circulating Leukocyte Count is an Independent Predictor of Inhibition of the Progression of Coronary Atherosclerosis(Infection/Inflammation/Immunity(03)(I),Poster Session(Japanese),The 72nd Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Ci
• OJ-225 Relation of Coronary Vasospasm with High-sensitivity C-reactive Protein Level : Implication of Acute Coronary Events Caused by Focal Vasospasm(Angina pectoris, basic / clinical(02)(IHD),Oral Presentation (Japanese),The 72nd Annual Scientific Meetin
• OJ-153 The Change in the Apolipoprotein B/Apolipoprotein A-1 Ratio is an Independent Predictor for Coronary Atherosclerosis Regression : 6-month Prospective Studty(Preventive medicine / Epidemiology / Education(02)(H),Oral Presentation (Japanese),The 72nd
• STUDY OF THE CORRELATION BETWEEN LV CONCENTRIC HYPERTROPHY AND BLOOD PRESSURE WITH EXERCISE STRESS TESTING IN MILD HYPERTENSION : Exercise Test, Rehabilitation : 53 Annual Scientific Meeting, Japanese Circulation Society
• -1192-CENTRAL SEROTONIN 5-HT1 RECEPTOR MEDIATED HEMODYNAMIC CHANGE AND ITS RELATION TO HYPERTENSION IN SPONTANEOUSLY HYPERTENSIVE RATS : THE 54th ANNUAL SCIENTIFIC MEETING OF THE JAPANESE CIRCULATION SOCIETY
• PJ-716 Efficacy of Statin Treatment in Normocholesterolemic Patients with Coronary Artery Disease : Evaluation by Integrated Backscatter Intravascular Ultrasound : 6-month Prospective Study(Intravascular endoscopy / Intravascular ultrasound(07)(I),Poster
• 2 Pathogenetic Perceptions of Acute Coronary Syndrome Insights into Plaque Rupture, Plaque Erosion and Coronary Thrombosis in Japanese(Plenary Session 1 (PL1) (IHD) : ACS : Prevention to Treatment)(Special Program)
• Aliskiren, a Novel Oral Renin Inhibitor, Provides Dose-Dependent Efficacy and Placebo-Like Tolerability in Japanese Patients with Hypertension
• EFFECT OF LOW CALORY REGIMEN ON BLOOD PRESSURE AND ITS RELATION TO INSULIN RESISTANCE IN OBESE ESSENTIAL HYPERTENSIVES : Hypertension : 53 Annual Scientific Meeting, Japanese Circulation Society
• COMPARISON OF LIPOXYGENASE PATHWAY AND ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITION ON BLOOD PRESSURE IN THE SPONTANEOUSLY HYPERTENSIVE RAT
• Proper Usage of Antihypertensive Drugs
• Management of Resistant Hypertension(The 69th Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Circulation Society)
• Possible Mechanism of Acute Coronary Events Caused by Focal Vasospasm : Evaluation by Plaque Appearance and High-Sensitive C-reactive Protein(Acute Coronary Syndrome, Basic/Clinical 6 (IHD), The 69th Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Circulation S
• PJ-432 Angiotensin 2 as a Maker of Prognosis in Hyper Acute Phase of Acute Coronary Syndromes (ACS)(Acute coronary syndrome, basic/clinical-7 (IHD) PJ73,Poster Session (Japanese),The 70th Anniversary Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Circulation S
• OJ-292 Outcome and Medical Cost of Facilitated Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) (Thrombolysis Alone vs Rescue POBA vs Rescue STENT)(Acute coronary syndrome, basic/clinical-3 (IHD) OJ49,Oral Presentation (Japanese),The 70th Anniversary Annual Scien
• OJ-046 Impact of Increased Hign-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Level by Combination Therapy with Pravastatin and Lifestyle Modification on Coronary Atherosclerosis Regression(Atherosclerosis, clinical(03)(IHD),Oral Presentation(Japanese),The 72nd Annual
• Beraprost Plus Ticlopidine Combination Therapy to Prevent Intimal Hyperplasia after Coronary Stent Implantation : Volumetric Analysis by Three-Dimensional Intravascular Ultrasound (Restenosis after Angioplasty, Basic/Clinical 6 (IHD), The 69th Annual Scie
• Reduced Serum Malondialdehyde-Modified Low-Density Lipoprotein Levels are Associated with Coronary Plaque Regression : Antioxidative Effect of Pravastatin(Atherosclerosis, Clinical 15 (IHD), The 69th Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Circulation S
• Efficacy of Calcium Channel Blockers in the Secondary Prevention of Myocardial Infarction : Retrospective Analysis of the 10-year Prognosis(Old Myocardial Infarction/Remodeling 1 (IHD), The 69th Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Circulation Societ
• Changes in the E/A Ratio Induced by Handgrip-Exercise are Related to Changes in the Plasma Atrial Natriuretic Peptide Level, but Not to Changes in Brain Natriuretic Peptide in Mild Essential Hypertension
• Effectiveness of Addition of Benidipine, Calcium Channel Blocker, to Low Dose of Angiotensin Receptor Blocker in Hypertensive Patients with Albuminuria (Hypertension, Clinical 10 (H), The 69th Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Circulation Society)
• Inadequate quality control of sphygmomanometers in hospital
• Rho-associated protein kinase causes mesenteric artery hyper-constriction in two-kidney, one clip hypertensive rats
• Safety and Efficacy of Sirolimus-Eluting Stent in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndrome Undergoing Emergency Procedure
• -1237-ENDOTHELIN AND ENDOTHELIUM DEPENDENT RELAXATION : THE 54th ANNUAL SCIENTIFIC MEETING OF THE JAPANESE CIRCULATION SOCIETY
• -0554-EFFECTS OF SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE ON BLOOD PRESSURE IN SPONTANEOUSLY HYPERTENSIVE ARTS
• THE ROLE OF ADRENALINE IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF DOCA-SALT HYPERTENSION : Hypertension : 53 Annual Scientific Meeting, Japanese Circulation Society
• Influences of Increased Oxidative Stress on Endothelial Function, Platelets Function, and Fibrinolysis in Hypertension Associated with Glucose Intolerance
• Glucose Intolerance Augments Endothelial Dysfunction via Increased Oxidative Stress in Hypertension
• -0539-PROGRESSION OF LV HYPERTROPHY IN PATIENTS WITH MILD HYPERTENSION
• Effect of Insulin Resistance on the Endothelial Vasumotor Function of the Coronary Artery of Nondiabetic Patients
• Long-term Prognosis for Non-ischemic Heart Disease Patients with Premature Ventricular Contraction and Non-sustained Ventricular Tachycardia
• -0534-THE EFFECTS OF LIPOXYGENASE LNHIBITOR ON AGIOTENSINE II LNDUCED VASO-CONSTRICTION
• Diagnostic Value of Adenosine-Induced Left Ventricular Diastolic Dysfunction for Detecting Coronary Artery Restenosis in Patients Undergoing Stent Implantation by Stress ECG-Gated Myocardial Perfusion SPECT : A Pilot Study
• Relationship between Heart-Type Fatty Acid-Binding Protein Levels and the Risk of Death in Patients with Serious Condition on Arrival at the Emergency Department
• Pravastatin-induced Decrease in Circulating Monocyte Count is an Independent Predictor of Coronary Plaque Regression : Possible Mechanism of Plaque Stabilization(Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute Coronary Syndrome, The 69th Annual Scientific Meeting of the
• The effect of intravenous 6-hydroxydopamine pretreatment on hemodynamic response with intracerebroventricularly administered 5-hydroxytryptamine in conscious rats
• The Effects of Intracerebroventricular (i. c. v.) Administration of 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) on Blood Pressure, Heart Rate and Plasma Norepinephrine (PNE) in Conscious SHR and WR
• Effect of renal denervation on hemodynamic changes induced by intracerebroventricular (i. c. v.) administration of 5 hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)
• Effect of ipsilateral renal denervation on cardiac catecholamine concentration in acute two-kidney, one clip hypertension in rat
• The effects of the administration of methysergide before or after intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of 5-hydroxytryotamine(5-HT) on hemodynamics in conscious rats
• Central Serotonin 5-HT1 Receptor Related Hemodynamic and Sympathetic Responses in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats
• Effects of Intracerebroventricular Administration of 5-Hydroxytryptamine on Blood Pressure and Plasma Vasopressin in SHR
• Effect of Serotonin (S2) Receptor Antagonist on Hemodynamic and Vasopressin Responses to Centrally Administrated Angiotensin-II in Conscious SHR
• Changes in Insulin Sensitivity by Doxazosin and Hydralazine in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats
• Effects of L-arginine on Blood Pressure and Renal Function in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats

もっと見る 閉じる

スポンサーリンク