イギリス近代の地域社会と「第二の科学革命」 : ニューカースル文芸・哲学協会をめぐって
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Many attempts have been made to clarify the features of the second scientific revolution in England (1780s-1840s) in terms of the "professionalization" or "institutionalization" of science. However, we need to investigate the wider social and cultural context in a manner similar to that recently employed by social historians of science. The significance of the relations between science and social change and the social functions of the scientific institutions are now being discussed. The literary and philosophical societies of the period, which have attracted science historians, become interesting objects to be analysed in this sense. Their activities included extra-scientific activities, which reflect various aspirations of local people. To be a member of a literary and philosophical society for instance seemed to be a status symbol in the local milieu. The Lit. & Phil. movement at the end of the eighteenth century was able to include various social elements. Eventually, social, cultural and political conflicts would occur within the movement. This article attempts to investigate one of those conflicts in the Lit. & Phil. Society of Newcastle-Upon-Tyne (hereafter NLPS), wich was founded in 1793. After the initial success of the NLPS, the New Institution was founded in 1808 for the lectureship of natural and experimental sciences. As new social elites they regarded science as a mode of cultural self-expression. Unitarian minister William Turner (1761-1859) and his friends promoted the New Institution for the application of the sciences to the industrial practices in Tyneside. The opponents of the New Institution emphasized the function of the library as the most important role of the NLPS. By careful analysis of the prosopography of the members and the reports presented to the monthly meetings of the NLPS (q.v. notes), three factors behind the conflict emerge. First is the latent disagreement between natural scientists and natural historians. Some conventional members, including the natural historians, harbored antipathy to wards the natural and experimental sciences promoted by the New Institution. Secondly, there were different attitudes toward freedom of speech and the press during the Napoleonic wars. The opponents of the New Institution willingly accommodated themselves to the Goverment's suppression of these rights by insisting on a "well-chosen library" in which religious and political books were strictly regulated. Finally and most importantly, the whig and dissenting members of the middle class in alliance with the whig gentry became involved in a political confrontation with the conventional members in the NLPS. In conclusion, the conflict of 1808 was due to these complex factors, and the New Institution was one of the knots of the new network formed by the local hegemonic group in the commercial and industrial town of New-castle-Upon-Tyne.
- 財団法人史学会の論文
- 1989-09-20
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