元首政期のローマ市民団と解放奴隷
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概要
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The purpose of this paper is to investigate the actual conditions of Roman citizens, who belonged to the lower classes and were living outside Urbs Roma, under the Principate. The author takes up Augustales, i.e. freedmen-priests of the Imperial cult, as an index of such a people for the following three reasons : 1)all the known Augustales were Roman citizens and their existence is attested to in most of the Roman cities (coloniae, municipia and conventus civium Romanorum) ; 2)they are considered as the representatives of the plebeian Roman citizens ; and 3)they were freedmen Roman citizens (libertini cives Romani) who played important roles in Roman society and whose relation to their former masters (patroni) has been discussed. First the author questions what relations the freedmen who held the office of Augustales had to the cities and familiae of the patroni. He reexamines the inscriptions about Augustales and concludes as follows. 1)The relation of Augustales to the cities is of secondary importance. 2)The relations to the familiae are numerous but of primary importance. 3)The familiae came into conflict with cities concerning freedmen in the middle of the 2nd century ; and the freedmen transferred their primary relationship from the familiae to the cities in the later 2nd century. Then the problems arise as to what relations the Roman citizens in general i.e. populus Romanus had to the familiae and the cities, what circumstances gave rise to the transfer of freedmen Roman citizens (libertini cives Romani), and how the circumstances are to be estimated. The author argues as follows. i)The familiae of Roman citizens were fundamental units of populus Romanus, and were distinguished from foreign families. ii)The cities were merely administrative units organized by Imperial power and not units of populus Romanus. iii) The dissolving of the uniquness of the Roman citizens' familiae gave rise to the above-mentioned transfer of the freedmen Roman citizens. iv)The dissolution of the uniqueness can be estimated as preparatory step to the constitutio Antoniniana. As long as familiae of Roman citizens were distinguished from other foreign families, Roman citizens' conditions may be considered unique and priviledged ones. But in the later 2nd century the dissolution of the uniqueness of the Roman citizens' familiae caused Roman citizens to lose their former priviledge.
- 財団法人史学会の論文
- 1986-03-20