畿内制の基礎的考察 : 日本における礼制の受容
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概要
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In China from ancient times, an ideologically-based regional division was carried out in which the thousand li (里) surrounding the emperor's palace was made into an area called the Chinei(畿内), a capital region distinguished from non-capital regions (hiwai 畿外) and barbarian territories (Fani 蕃夷). In all of the Chinese classics beginning with the Chori (周礼), this Chinei system was minutely detailed, and it is certain that many of the requirements outlined were put into effect for all the dynasties between the Ch'in(秦) and the T'ang (唐). And the extent of China's Chinei was always restricted by the actual prefecture (Chun hsiem 県郡) in those days ; that is, the region itself is thought to have traditionally consisted of the Han (漢) dynasty's Sanfu (三輔) and Sanhe/Hung nung (三河・弘農) districts. China's Chinei region, being the direct proprietorship under the imperial prerogative, was seen as important in political, eccnomic and military affairs. Its characteristics can be summarized in the following five points : 1)special consideration in civil administration affairs ; 2)military installations for the protection of the capital ; 3)heavy corvee levies ; 4)the area for the provisioning of the imperial family ; 5)the unification of the region in the case of ceremony and ritual because of its close connection to Li-system (礼制), the order of political formality. This Chinei system was soon adopted by both the kingdoms of the Korean peninsula and Japan ; and, of course, became the basic element of their politically centralized provincial systems. In Korea, a Chinei was set up from the era of the three kingdoms (三国) through the unified Shilla (統一新羅) and Karyeo (高麗) period. However, the Chinei of the three kingdoms was limited only to the capital city, a feature which differed from both China and Japan. In Japan, as well, it is widely recognized that from the Taika (大化) era (AD.645-649) throughout the Ritsu-ryo (律令) period, a Chinei system was employed. Up until now established opinions have held that before a thorough Chinese Chinei system was completed in AD.701 after the promulgation of the Taiho Ritsu-ryo (大宝律令) Codes, the Chinei systems of the Temmu/Jito (天武・持統) Courts and the Taika era were established in a region merely confined to the traditional residence area of a group of centrally powerful families, and therefore were somewhat different from the original Chinese concept. However, after a re-investigation of these systems, the author has reached to a different point of view ; that is, already during the Temmu/Jito Courts and the Taika era, the Chinei systems were established with the Understanding that the Chinese systems which they were modelled after were an important link in the order of political ceremony. In this way, the Chinei system is inseparately related to Li-system ; and in Japan the adoption of the ceremonial code based on Li-system dates back to the Suiko (推古) Court at the beginning of the seventh century. Therefore, it is possible that the Chinei system, the stage for this ritual order, was first set up at that time. And so, the adoption of Li-system and Chinei system during the Suiko Court indicates the opening of a state based on this order ; and the character of this Japanese ceremonial political order continued to function as the foundation for governance from the Taika Reform through the Temmu/Jito Courts as well as after the establishment of the Ritsu-ryo state.
- 財団法人史学会の論文
- 1984-01-20