アギスとクレオメネスの改革 : 前三世紀後半のスパルタの諸階層と改革の結果
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概要
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This essay focuses on two Spartan reforms in late-third century B.C. Agis IV intended the cancellation of debts, the redistribution of lands and the enlargement of the Spartan citizen-body. The rich and the elderly opposed to Agis' reforms, but they were divided among themselves. On the other hand, Agis' supporters included not only the poor, the young and the ochloi without resources and civic rights (=hypomeiones), but some of the rich and the elderly. The latter were especially active in his support. He also found his adherents among the gerontes, too. At first glance, Agis' supporters overwhelmingly outnumbered his opponents. But there were also factors which divided Agis supporters. His scheme for redistribution of lands aimed at restoring ochloi to citizenship and were meant to increase the number of citizens by more than six times. Therefore citizens who had sufficient lands to maintain their civic rights would not have been supporting this part of his reform. In addition, the land reform would be a distinct blow to big landowners. These were potential causes for division among Agis' supporters. Finally, Agis' attempt to achieve his reforms by means of constitutional procedure was also a problem, because ochloi who were latently his most active supporters could not actually participate in the constitutional process. In contrast, some fifteen years later, Kleomenes carried out his reforms secretly and by force. He succeeded with the aid of relatives and friends (philoi). Thus, we can not know the attitudes of the various social classes toward his reforms. Kleomenes accomplished the redistribution of lands and conferred citizenship not only upon the hypomeiones and perioikoi, but also upon foreigners (xenoi). Nevertheless he could not overstep the limits imposed by the Lycurgan constitution. And eventually he was defeated by the allied forces of Macedonia and the Achaean League. After the battle of Sellasia, Antigonos allowed those who had been exiled by Kleomenes to return to Sparta. The returned exiles then ruled Sparta as an oligarchy, using the ephoroi and the gerousia. However, the new citizens admitted by Kleomenes maintained their status under the new government. There were two reasons for this. First, the exiles could take back as much land as they had had before, because there was a great deal of land whose owners had either lost their lives at Sellasia or fled to Egypt with Kleomenes. So the exiles were willing to submit to Antigonos' measures. Second, Antigonos needed to maintain the balance of power in the Peloponnesus in order to maintain his influence over the Peloponnesians. It was therefore convenient for him to allow the Spartans to keep the same degree of military power as before in order to prevent the Achaeans and the Aetolians from interfering in Spartan affairs.
- 1982-08-20