近世村落の村運営と村内小集落 : 信州佐久郡下海瀬村を事例として
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概要
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Previous studies have mentioned that administrative villages in the Tokugawa Period often consisted of small hamlets, which functioned as real communities of inhabitants. However these studies treat villages as formed districts, calling them "villages for rule" and do not describe the concrete and historical relationships between the administrative village and small hamlet. The present article takes this problem into consideration and examines the case of Shita-kaize village in Shinano Province. The boundaries of this village were first settled in accordance with a traditional, medieval district, called Kaize-go, which was divided into three early modern villages. As the result, Shita-kaize village took a particular form, which included some small hamlets. In the latter half of 17th century, Hanaoka hamlet became an independent group (kumi) inside the village and obtained a chief (nanushi). However, the independence of Hanaoka was not official, but private, so Hanaoka could not participate in the official administration of the village, which was under the control of the main hamlet, Hon-go. Thus, during the first half of the Tokugawa Period, the administration of the village was more or less monopolized by Hon-go and the class of main head families (hon-ke), so for the branch hamlets like Hanaoka, and the pesants of branch families (bun-ke), the village was not a democratic district at all, but an artificial unit. In the 18th century, there occurred rapidly developing transfers of land-ownership and class mobility among the peasants. Some branch family peasants obtained economic power and changed the group (kumi) to which they had belonged, or formed a new group (waka-gumi) so as to obtain a rank equal to the head families. These developments finally caused trouble over the post of the chief (nanushi) of Hon-go. As a consequence, the groups of Kumi, Hongo and Hanaoka no longer corresponded to their respective hamlets. The relation between the groups - until then Hanaoka had been under control of Hongo which had monopolized the administration of the Village - became more equal, the ties among the whole village became stronger. On the other hand, village officials come to be served by not only the peasants of the head families but also those of the branch families. In the latter half of the Tokugawa Period, closed administration maintained by the head families as "the village tradition" (郷例) came under criticism by the peasants of the branch families (komae), who changed and participated in the administration of the village, depending on their respective hamlets as feal comunities. Thus, respective hamlets come to play an equal role in the administration of the village. The administrative village, which was originally established as a formal, artificial district, was transformed into a substantial one by its inhabitants, especially the branch hamlets and the branch families. With regard to inter-hamlet relations, it has often been mentioned that branch hamlets tried to become officially independent villages, and main hamlets obstructed those attempts. In this article the author points out that there was another possibility, that is, branch hamlets which had been originally excluded from the administration of a village came to participate in it on an equal basis with the main hamlet, thus changing the administrative village into a substantive district.
- 財団法人史学会の論文
- 1995-04-20