文禄期豊臣政権の地域支配 : 筑前名島小早川領文禄四年検地の検討

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This paper is a study of the control exercised over local entities by the Toyotomi Hideyoshi regime during the Bunroku 文禄 era (1592-1595), a period which included the first, unsuccessful invasion of Korea. The research literature to date on this period of peace treaties and negotiations has tended to place Hideyoshi's policies within the context of making preparations for the second invasion of Korea; however, it is the opinion of the author that the events of the Bunroku era did not necessarily anticipate that invasion, which was launched in 1597. Rather, we see the evolvement of political policies aiming mainly at a revival of the early modern state order that was wavering under the collapse of Hideyoshi's plan for expanding his national hegemony. In this sense, the author embarks on an analysis of the regime's interference in local affairs from the viewpoint of the political power structure of the time. For this purpose, the author looks at the Kobayakawa family domain in Najima 名島, Chikuzen 筑前 province and takes up various policies that had continued since the cadastres (taikokenchi 太閤検地) that had begun in 1582. The cadastre of the Kobayakawa domain was carried out by one of its vassals, Yamaguchi Genba 山口玄蕃, in 1595, when the lord of that domain, Takakage, retired and was succeeded by his adopted son, Hidetoshi. The author's analysis of the documents related to this event may be summarized at follows. On the local level, the cadastre was aimed at determining "village" (mura 村) units not on the basis of productivity (kokudaka 石高), but rather on the basis of cultivated land area. With respect to the process by which fiefs were assigned to vassals after this survey, the author finds two stages involved. One he calls the "Najima" stage, which involved a provisional agreement between Yamaguchi and the traditional Kobayakawa vassals; the other is the "Fushimi" (伏見) stage, which involved the final decision made by the central figures in the Toyotomi regime. In the end, the "Fushimi" plan prevailed. Moreover, this plan ignored the results from the 1595 cadastre and was devised on the basis of a formula determined at the center, which in effect reduced all fief allotments to vassals. It is interesting that the documents announcing these new allotments followed a similar process, in which direct orders (hanmotsu 判物) sealed by Kobayakawa Hidetoshi were issued announcing the execution of the "Fushimi" plan, followed by fief allotment notices (ategaijo 宛行状) that contained Hideyoshi's seal. As the result of this decision-making process, Kobayakawa Hidetoshi was able to increase the amount of land under his personal control, while depriving the domain's vassals of their traditional vested rights, thus bringing about in effect a separation of the warrior class in this domain from the soil (heinobunri 兵農分離). The author concludes that this type of cadastre/fief determination process promoted by the Toyotomi regime is representative of what was being done throughout Japan to revive the early modern state order that was being threatened by the collapse of Hideyoshi's plan to exband his hegemony. On the other hand, such interference in local affairs was designed to regain control over politics from Kanpaku 関白 Toyotomi Hidetsugu, and through increasing the amount of land directly controlled by each daimyo 大名, they were able l) to shift their statuses from leaders among vassal confederates to actual power holders, 2) to remove the economic base of vassal autonomy, and 3) to promote the creation of a stable political and social order under the label "pax-Hideyoshi".
財団法人史学会の論文
1993-07-20

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中野等
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文禄期豊臣政権の地域支配 : 筑前名島小早川領文禄四年検地の検討

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