十五世紀末のロシア正教会における正統と異端 : 「ノヴゴロドの異端者」を中心に
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概要
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Many scholars have pointed out that at the end of the fifteenth century, there were "Heretics" in Novgorod and that they either formed a sect of Judaism, or a group of iconoclasts or antitrinity proponents. However the problem of the heresy cannot be solved without discussing why and how churchmen judged them as heretics. The purpose of this paper is to clarify the process of such judgments. The author not only discusses the private view of the Archbishop of Novgorod, Gennadii (1485-1504), who first "discovered" the Heretics of Novgorod, but also investigate how his view differed from the official one. In the early days, Gennadii discovered the "Heretics of Markion and Messaria," who denied Christ, His Holy Mother and icons, and presented evidence of their heresy at their trial. In 1488, the council of Moscow accepted part of the evidence given by Gennadii and declared the three clerics changed to be heretics. However one diiak (the holy man of the church) was not convinced of this heresy for a lack of sufficient testimony. After the council of 1488, several others, who had settled in Moscow, were seen as heretics. At that time, the clergy of Novgorod was led by a priest of Arkhangelskii, Denis, and launched an attack on Gennadii. In addition to this group, a monk of Pskov, Zakhar, also attacked Gennadii and accused him of heresy. These counter-accusations were effective because Ivan III, the grand prince of Moscow (1462-1505), and the metropolitan Zosima of Moscow (1490-1494), were not very close to Gennadii, who immediately reaccused those groups as heretical. At the council in 1490, Gennadii's re-accusations were not accepted at first ; however, when the bishops who took part in the council arrested Denis and took him to the trial, Zakhar, Denis and the other clerics were condemned as the same heretics. It was this stage that finally Gennadii's orthodoxy was settled.
- 2004-04-20