「史」の自立 : 魏晉期における別傳の盛行を中心として

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Mingshi名士, the local elite which formed the ruling class from the late Han to the Three Kingdoms period, tended to evaluate people as visible expressions of their own autonomous order. Such methods for evaluating people autonomous from the bureaucratic order supported by kingship was arbitrary, subjective and unstable. In order to overcome these weaknesses, a debate called "caixing shibenlun" 才性四本論 developed and a biographical work, Renwuzhi 人物志, was written, but the instability was not eliminated, as zhuang状, (writings) continued their instability in defining the rank of xiangpin郷品 within the bureaucratic order. The standpoint of the "Chunqiulue" 春秋略 that history as the record of the emperors possesses unassailable authority was weakened by the relativization of values in the form of Confucianism. In addition, with the diffusion of paper, the increase in written works and the compilation of biographies based on zhuang created a milieu enabling histories written out of personal concerns. Histories were used for political purposes and became works arguing the superior and inferior aspects of each region and tauting factionalism. What became the basis of such histories were "beich-uan" 別伝 (accounts other than official chronicles) depicting individual figures. Pei Songzhi 裴松之, who annotated the Sanguozhi HSS, criticized the annotators of the Shiji史記 and Hanshu 漢書 for limiting themselves to the readings and definitions of words and phrases without any attempt to verify or ascertain historical fact It was in this way that history (shi史) came to differ from the methodology of Confucianism. Pei's criticism of beichua became linked to genealogy attempting to establish the pedigrees of aristocratic families. It was in this way that shi史 became cultural evaluation for the purpose of maintaining the autonomous order of the aristocracy. Within the social background of the Jingjizhi経籍志 section of the Suishu piU setting up a separate category for "history" (shi史) and creating four subcategories lay textual criticism of the dominance exerted by beichau, which distorted the facts, and "history" according to the aristocracy as the dominant form of cultural evaluation. The compilation of official history during the Tangperiod became focussed on the realm of cultural evaluation, one of which was shi as one way for maintaining the autonomy of the aristocracy.
財団法人史学会の論文
2003-04-20

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渡邉義浩
大東文化大學

「史」の自立 : 魏晉期における別傳の盛行を中心として

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