抗日根拠地における通貨および通貨政策 : 晋察冀辺区および晋冀魯予辺区の実例
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概要
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A Border Region Bank was established in each Border Region, issuing banknotes as the legal tenders. The Bank of Shansi-Chahar and Hopeh (晋察冀辺区銀行) was opened at Wutai (五臺), northeast Shansi on March 20th 1938, just ten days after the opening of the Federal Reserve Bank of China (中国連合準備銀行) by the Japanese. This bank was the first of its kind throughout the Border Regions and issued notes with a denomination ranging from one chiao (角) to five hundred yuan (圓). The amount of notes issued was estimated 200 million yuans (元) in the summer of 1944. The Bank of Chinan (冀南銀行) was opened at Nankung (南宮), central Hopeh, and, after absorbing the Shantang Bank (上党銀行), this bank became the Border Region Bank of CCLYBR. The Bank of Chinan issued notes with a denomination ranging from two to five hundred yuan (圓), and the amount of notes inssued was also estimated 200 million yuans (元) in the summer of 1944. In August 1948 when CCCBR and CCLYBR were integrated into the Hopeh Liberated Region (華北解放区), both banks were unified to the Bank of Hopeh (華北銀行), which was again amalgamated to the Peoples Bank of China (中国人民銀行) in December 1948. Each Border Region Goverment prohibited to circulate or even to keep weipi (偽幣) with heavy punishment. The weipi was another name of enemy's money i.e. Japanese currency including the banknotes of the Federal Reserve Bank of China. They recommended people to drive the local tsapi (雑幣) out of the Border Region or withdrew them with discount. As for the fapi (法幣), the legal tender of the Nationalist Government, the situation was rather complex. As the Red Army had come to receive some amount of fapi after the Coalition of KMT and CCP in 1937, the phrase "safeguard fapi" was inserted in the Basic Political Programme or entitled to the regulation, thus fapi getting the official status. But the Border Region Governments prohibited to carry fapi out of the border line or to circulate within the Border Region, thus preventing them from spilling out of the border. The reason for this was to hinder the Japanese from getting fapi and converting them to war-materials. At the end of 1940, the value of fapi dropped sharply, then under the pretext of Kannan Incident (皖南事件). both Border Region Banks discounted fapi and began to withdraw them. Through these process, pienpi (辺幣), the notes of the Border Region Banks, had become the sole currency of the Border Region. All merchants who wanted to trade with the tichu (敵区) should, first apply to the Board of Trade of each Border Region, and after getting its permission they could obtain necessary currency, i.e., tsapi and weipi from the Border Region Banks. At any time, import of war-materials was given priority and merchants commissioned with importing these goods could obtain necessary currency, even fapi or foreign drafts. Both Boder Region Goverments promulgated their own classified list of import or export commodities combined with customs tariff : duty free (encouraging import or export), levied ad valorem, (limiting import or export), or prohibited. In any case, export of foodstuffs and war-materials were strictly prohibited by each Border Region Goverment.
- 1983-04-20