都市鎌倉における北条氏の邸宅と寺院
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概要
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Japan's early medieval period experience a broadening of society of fortress (tachi 館) and after the establishment of the Kamakura Bakufu, its headquarters went through a gradual process of urbanization. The aim of the present paper is to trace this transformation process by examining the residences and temples of the Hojo 北条 family locatdd on the Izu peninsula, its fief, and in the city of Kamakura proper. From information contained in records concerning Ganjoju-in tenple in Izu and archaeological surveys conducted in the town of Nirayama, we find that the Hojo family left Izu around the middle of the thirteenth century, no doubt with the aim to establish itself in Kamakura. After the Hojo's move to Kamakura, Hojo-Tokimasa 時政 built a residence in the neighborhood of Nagoe 名越, while Hojo-Yoshitoki 義時 took up residence in Okura 大倉. At that time it was necessary for Hojo family residences to be located near the shogun's palace, so Hojo-Yasutoki 泰時 decided to move the palace close to his residence in Komachi 小町. However, during the regency of Tokiyori 時頼, the Hojo family residence had no locational connection to the shogun's palace at all. Tokiyori's residence continued to serve as the regent's home for a long time after, and became known as "Shikken-Tei" (the regent's house), but was later occupied by the head (tokuso 得宗) of the Hojo family, not the regent. This transformation in Hojo family residential patterns closely reflects the political history of the family, which began in the role of close advisors to the shogun, changing to governance via the regency, and finally becoming the bakufu's ruling samurai family. The fact that the "Shikken-Tei" was surrounded by lodgings for samurai and the residences of commoners strikes a clear contrast to Minamoto-no-Yoritomo's Palace, which was built in the tradition of a fortress (tachi 館). In addition, the fact that the Hojo family possessed a villa in Yamanouchi 山内 with a chapel to enshrine a statue of Buddha (jibutsu-do 持佛堂) may have set the style for Muromachi era Kamakura, which was characterized by the construction of samurai residences and temples in the suburbs. And if this is so, we should include this feature to the important elements that made up the formation of Kamakura as a medieval Japanese city. Furthermore, by gaining Control over temples located on the periphery, the Hojo family established Kamakura's city limits and its sphere of urban activity. The author concludes that the Hojo family's move from Izu into Kamakura represents the transformation that took place within medieval society from fortress to town.
- 1997-09-20