Measurement of the First Normal Stress Differences of Water and Dilute Polymer Solutions

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Small first normal stress differences of fluids are measured by a method which utilizes the reaction force of the jet issuing from a capillary tube. The fluids used in the experiment are water and dilute polymer solutions. The data and the following discussion show that the first normal stress difference is not zero even in a steady Poiseuille flow of water and that the first normal stress differences in various dilute polymer solutions are greater than that of water but not so strikingly different from that of water as expected from the dramatic reducing effect of drag in turbulent flow conditions. These experimental data will be fundamentally available for the construction of a constitutive equation or the analysis of more complicated flows.
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