「部落」マイノリティと教育達成-J.U.オグブの人類学的アプローチをてがかりに-
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概要
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An American anthropologist, J.U.Ogbu, has made a cross-cultural investigation of minority groups and found that there exists a type of minority group which has different characteristics from others. The most distinguishable feature is that they have not experienced effective upward social mobility through the educational system, and therefore have been forced to occupy an out-caste status in their host societies. He calls this type a "caste-like minority" which includes, for instance, blacks in the U.S., scheduled castes in India, and Burakumin in Japan. He argues also that there exists a caste-like stratification system which is different from the class stratification system in these societies. In Japan, Buraku children's academic achievements have been consistently lower than those of Ippan children, and they have been obviously under-represented in secondary and higher educational institutions. These facts suggest that Burakimin is one of the caste-like minorities. Initially, Ogbu argued that such caste barriers as inferior education and job ceilings channel these minority groups to low and menial occupational status and these social mobility patterns affect their motivational skills. Thus, minority children's low academic achievements may be considered as an adaptation to their traditional low status. Even after the moninal emancipation of Eta/Hinin in early Meiji (1871), many Burakumin were excluded from formal education or segregated in Burakumin schools. Caste barriers in economic activities were much severer. Even today, barrieres in economic activities are quite strong. These facts suggest that caste-like stratification has also existed in modern Japan. Ogbu later modified his caste barrier theory to advance the cultural model theory, which emphasizes group identity formed through initial terms of incorporation into their host societies. He explains that those minorities which were involuntarily incorporated tend to have cultural models oppositional to the dominant groups, and these models make them give up their hope of upward social mobility through mobility systems controlled by dominant groups. Ogbu's focus is now mainly on the problem of the motivational skills of minorities, but available data on Burakumin's motivation are insufficient to prove this point. As seen from the above discussion, Ogbu's anthropological approach enables us to analyze modern societies from a different, new perspective.
- 日本教育社会学会の論文
- 1993-06-15