中世スラヴ法文献の統語論的特徴 : スラヴ語比較統語論のために

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This paper examines three Slavic texts: "Vinodolski zakon (VZ)", "Dusanov zakonik (DZ)", and "Pskovskaja sudnaja gramota (PSG)", comparing their predication patterns and clitic features. The first two of the mentioned texts belong to medieval South Slavic documents: VZ, a compilation of customary law established in north Dalmatia in the end of 13th century, is written in the Cakavian-ikavian dialect, and DZ, enacted by the Serbian "tzar" of Dusan Nemanic whose tzardom prospered in the Balkan peninsula during the first half of the 14th century, is written in the Stokavian-ekavian dialect. PSGP is, as its name shows, a city charter of Pskov put in effect in the late 15th century after its independence from Novgorod. Since all these texts are law codes, it is expected that their subjects are in major cases related with people's obligations, submission, punishment and the like, and their predications contain expressions of deontic modality. In fact, our examination found that each text has conspicuous patterns for the compound clause including the combination of protasis and apodosis, such as "if this takes place, one should..." or "one must behave as follows, when...". In VZ, notable patterns are that for the protasis the conjunction ako (=if) followed by verbal predication in conditional mood or simple present is used and for the apodosis either the imperative with 3rd person subject or a verb phrase headed by imati (=have) is used. In DZ, as in VZ, the conjunction ako is observed for the protasis, but the predicate form which follows is in most cases the simple present; for the apodosis, clauses headed by complement marker da are used most frequently. In PSG, the frequent pattern is that the protasis is introduced by the conjunction a (=if, in case) followed by present verb forms, while the apodosis takes infinitival construction, in which a bare infinitive is used for the predicate form to express deontic modality. The second question posed in this paper is on clitics features. As is well known, South Slavic (Serbian and Croaitan, including Cakavian dialect) clitics, represented by the unstressed personal pronouns and the auxiliaries of verbal compound forms, are enclitics and cluster in "Wackernagel's position", i.e. the clausal position immediately after the first stressed component (in our abbr. W2 position). In DZ, clitics appear in the W2 position without exception. In VZ, although there are several examples that show exceptional clitic placement, the W2 rule holds true in principle. Thus, our data from VZ and DZ are consistent with clitic features empirically known in the said languages. In contrast with South Slavic languages, contemporary Russian doesn't have pronominal and auxiliary clitics, having lost all of them in its historical change. Indeed, our data from PSG indicate the process of clitic loss: pronominal clitics are not used except for the reflexive marker sja (=self), which is always written in the interlinear space above its head verb; the present perfect auxiliaries, i.e. present forms of byt' (be) are seldom found; and the attested examples of perfect in third person plural are anomalous (singular form of auxiliary plus plural form of participle). Based on these facts, the author offers an explanation on why the Russian reflexive pronominal clitic has changed into a verbal bound morpheme. In Russian, decreasing use of clitics caused the decline of W2 placement, which in turn forced the reflexive pronominal clitic to stay in situ, i.e. immediately after its head verb.
日本ロシア文学会の論文
2003-10-10

著者

三谷惠子
京都大学

中世スラヴ法文献の統語論的特徴 : スラヴ語比較統語論のために

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