農奴解放前のロシヤの農村共同体

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概要

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• The aim of this paper is to describe and discuss the organization, activities and functions of the Russian village commune (мир or община) of the seigniorial peasants on the eve of the Emancipation of 1861. In those days the commune held meetings which usually consisted of the heads of families and performed the self-governing activities within certain limits. These activities, for example, were election of the commune officials, equal division of obligations for which the commune was jointly responsible, equal distribution (periodical redistribution) of the plowland and meadow, common lease and purchase of the land, and mutual aid (help to the poor, the aged, the sufferers, etc.). However, these activities were always under the control of the seignior. The final right for decision of the commune meetings usually rested with the seignior. As for the commune officials, almost all of them were usually rich peasants and priests who stood on the side of the seignior. Besides the seignior very often took advantage of the self-governing character of the commune in managing his estate. And the commune assisted and acted for the seignior in exercising his power over peasants in punishment, recruitment, marriage and so on. It can easily be understood that the most important self-governing activities of the commune-solidarity and equal division of obligations, equal distribution of the land-were intended to insure regular payments by the peasants. It was for the same reason that the seignior occasionally encouraged mutual aid activities of the commune. It is, therefore, reasonable to conclude that the essential function of the commune on the eve of the Emancipation consisted in assisting the seignior in exercise of his power.

• 社会経済史学会の論文
• 1969-03-10

著者

• 鈴木 健夫

  早稲田大学

関連論文

• 崔在東著, 『近代ロシア農村の社会経済史-ストルィピン農業改革期の土地利用・土地所有・協同組合-』, 日本経済評論社, 2007年, xv+459頁
• 中川雄二著, 『近代ロシア農業政策史研究』, 御茶の水書房, 2001年12月, ii+242頁+5地図, 6,000円
• 奥田央著, 『コルホーズの成立過程-ロシアにおける共同体の終焉-』, 岩波書店, 1990年, xx+686+16頁
• 農奴解放前のロシヤの農村共同体
• 阪本秀昭著, 『帝政末期シベリアの農村共同体』, ミネルヴァ書房, 1998年5月, xiv+342+17頁, 5,238円
• 肥前栄一著, 『ドイツとロシア : 比較社会経済史の一領域』, 未来社、一九八六年六月、四一七+xii、五、五〇〇円
• 保田孝一著, 『ニコライ二世と改革の挫折』 : 革命前夜ロシアの社会史, 木鐸社、一九八五年九月、xiii+三六八+xx、露文レジュメ、四〇〇〇円
• 高田和夫著, 『近代ロシア農民文化史研究-人の移動と文化の変容-』, 岩波書店, 2007年3月, vii+376+28頁, 10,500円
• МироновБ.Н., Благосостояние населения и революции в имперской России : XVIII-начало XX века, М.: Новый Хроногпаф, 2010. 911 с.

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