B・フランクリンの土地銀行構想
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概要
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In the American colonial era, Benjamin Franklin proposed two kinds of land bank with the idea of issuing paper money backed by land. The purpose of this paper is to clarify the characteristics, the backers, the communities, the differences between these types of bank, and the reason why both schemes were prohibited by Britain. In the early eighteenth century, land banks existed in most of the American colonies. With the exception of some short-lived private land banks, all the banks that actually functioned were public institutions created and operated by the various colonial governments. It was expected that the bank notes issued by them would provide a circulating medium in each of the colonies. In 1729, Franklin spoke highly of these banks the way in which functioned in Pennsylvania in the pamphlet entitled A modest enquiry into the nature and necessity of a paper-currency. However, although land banks were on the whole successful in Pennsylvania, Parliament prohibited the use of paper money in 1764 because of gradual currency inflation. In 1765-66, when the Stamp Act was under discussion, Franklin broached the idea of another type of land bank, based on capital loaned from the Bank of England, as an alternative way of gaining a revenue from the colonies. Notes backed by specie and land would circulate as a sound currency through the mainland colony. He envisaged a single American land bank with a branch office in each colony, indirectly managed in Britain, the mother country. Britain, however, probably deterred by a strong bias against all forms of paper money as well as by general financial considerlations, rejected his proposal. In 1773, when Parliament finally agreed to permit land banks in every colony, it was too late. The issue certainly became more than a minor grievance in the events leading up to the Declaration of Independence.
- 社会経済史学会の論文
- 1994-09-25
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