中世におけるカンタベリ司教座聖堂付属修道院の牧羊経営
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概要
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This paper intends to clarify (i) the contents of sheep breeding on five Kentish manors of Eastry, Ebony, Great Chart, Ickham, and Welles of the priory, analyzing their serjeants' accounts, compoti, preserved in the Canterbury Cathedral Archives and Library, and (ii) the character of its sheep farming in terms of division of breeding among manors, comparing it with that of Durham Cathedral Priory. The analysis shows the following : 1) Judging from the sex and age composition of flock (ram, ewe, wether, hogaster, maiden-ewe, lamb), the contents and purposes of sheep breeding are classified into four. (a) Ickham which kept all types of sheep was aiming at all of lambing, wool, and cheese. (b) Ebony, a marshland manor, bred very few wethers and hogasters. So its purpose was rather on lambing and cheese than on wool. (c) Eastry and Welles had all types until about 1307 but since then bred wethers only. Accordingly, the character of breeding which had aimed at lambing, wool and cheese changed for wool production only. (d) Great Chart had either wethers or hogasters only for 4 out of the 33 years examined. Because of this Great Chart doesn't seem to have had any definite purposes. 2) The number of sheep on a manor increased or decreased by lambing or murrain, by purchase or sale, and by receiving from or sending to other manors. Of these three causes the last means the movement of flock from manor to manor. Among the manors of Durham Cathedral Priory sheep were transfered on a large scale over considerable distances, owing to its extensive division of breeding. In contrast, no such movement was observed on the manors of Canterbury Cathedral Priory under analysis. With the exception of Ebony, the transfer of sheep was a rare practice on the other four manors. Ebony was engaged in it with a neighboring manor, Appledore, by sendihg its male sheep there and receiving females from there. However, its scale and scope of the flock movements was negligible compared with that of Durham. Therefore, the division of breeding was rarely practiced on the Canterbury manors. The findings of this paper suggest that the main feature of sheep farming of Canterbury Cathedral Prioy was in its independent and isolated character, thus, lacking the practice of division of breeding and inter-manorial transfer. This is evident by comparing with the practice carried out in Durham Cathedral Priory where the division of breeding and inter-manorial linkages were prevalent.
- 1984-06-29