明末清初広東珠江デルタの沙田開発と郷紳支配の形成過程
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概要
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During the late Ming and the early Ch'ing period, T'ung tsu (同族) groups led by Hsiang-shen cultivated sha-t'ien and constructed facilities for water supply at Chu-chiang delta with labours of Liv-ming (流民) and others. Besides they acquired the ownership of the delta both by the lawful means such as t'ou-hsien (投献) and by the unlawful ones such as chan-sha (占沙). Then the double landowning system nanmed Chi-chuang (寄荘) came into existence in Hsian-shan-hsien (香山県). For the purpose of correcting the evils of it, Ming dynasty made some reforms in Chia-ching (嘉靖) age and practiced chan-liang (丈量) in Wan-li (万暦) age, but the policies were not successful. On the contrary, yiian-e (原額) principal in the tax collection system of Ming dynasty gave rise to Ting-kung-hsii-shui (定弓虚税) in Nan-hai-hsien (南海県) and reappearance of chi-chuang. Although Ch'ing dynasty also improved the tax collection system-san-lien-p'iaofa (三連票法), kun-tan-fa (滾単法), te-ming-fa (的名法) etc. -, Pao-lan (包攬) system under the control of hsiang-shen were not basically reformed. According to the development of sha-t'ien cultivation, hsiang-shen established the control of the coastal inhabitants named Tan-min (蛋民), which caused some of them to change into sea robbers. Masaya Sasaki (佐々木正哉) mentioned that hsiang-shen power was caused by "the threat from poor people groups" As above mentioned, however, it is evident that it was caused by "the primary element", that is, the estblishment of economic and political base and that his opinion is "the secondary element". The hsiang-shen control system was divided into two classes; one is found in ta-hsing (大姓) village consisting of t'ung-tsu groups led by hsiang-shen, the other is in hsiao-hsing (小姓), tsa-hsing (雑姓) village in the chi-chuang area under hsian-shen control. In the former, hsiang-shen had the right of management and operation of tsu-ch'an (族産) and produced commodities such as sang (桑), li-chin (茘枝), lung-yen (龍眼) on tsu-t'ien (族田) or other land under their personal management. They had jurisdiction over their village and held weapons and private soldiers against the infringement of thieves. In the latter, according to the development of commodity production, t'ien-hu (佃戸) resolved themselves into two classes--rich farmers named shin-t'ou (使頭) and the poor named t'ien-hu. This landowning system was generally called i-t'ien-liang-chu-chih (一田両主制). Then some of poor farmers were obliged to desert their arable 1and in order to escape from hsiang-shen control. Coping with these situations, it can be said that hsiang-shen had qualities of feudal lords though unmatured, rather than of mere parasitic landowners.
- 社会経済史学会の論文
- 1981-03-28