幕末期「場所」請負制下における漁民の存在形態 : 西蝦夷地、歌棄・磯谷場所の場合

概要

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The purpose of this article is to survey the management of basho (fishing territories) by Eiyemon Sato who was a contractor for the fishery at Utasutu and Isoya basho in the late Edo period after 1853, and to bring to light the way the fishermen worked for the contractor positively through various books concerning their management. Approaches will be made to the Sotos as a center, to those fishermen employed by the Satos, and to hamaju fishermen including ni-hachi fishermen, who paid twenty percent of his catch to the contractor. Following is the outline of this article. Since basho were bases of fishery devoid of reproducing conditions, the Satos, beside pursuing fishing mainly of herring themselves, catch of which was diminishing, laid daily necessaries and means of production in stock and sold them. Judging from this operation, the fishermen directly employed by the Satos and hamaju fishermen were essential to the Satos' management of basho. Among the fishermen directly employod there were two categories: one, called bannin (watchman or foreman), was employed by the year and the other, called yatoinin (employee), by the season. Though most of them came from Shimokita district alike, the former was to a greater extent personally subordinate in master-and-servant relationship, while the latter actually had characteristics somewhat similar to those of a wage labourer. On the other hand, hamaju fishermen included permanent residents and those who were temporarily working away from home, both of whom came mostly from Matsumae district. In the late Edo period there appeared those who, together with their wife and children, emigrated and worked away from home. Some of them, having started as small fishermen, were successful enough to cope with the contractor, and with their developing productivity they grew to be main members of the economy at basho. In keeping with this change, the Satos shifted the Center of their management from fishery to providing people with daily necessaries and means of production. In conclusion the Satos manoeuvred to control the labour through tension among the fishermen which was caused by the difference in their geographical origins. They employed the fishermen whose home villages were different from those of hamaju fishermen, intending to exclude the fishermen's mutual bond caused by local connection. The Satos strengthened managerial role of bannin and shifted the center of their activities on hamaju fishermen who had been getting independent from the contractor. The nature of the existence of those hamaju fishermen can be explained first by the glowth of reproducing conditions at basho, and secondly by the support of the shogunate that governed Ezo district and sought measures of distribution fitting for fishery.
社会経済史学会の論文
1980-09-15

著者

田島佳也
神奈川大学

幕末期「場所」請負制下における漁民の存在形態 : 西蝦夷地、歌棄・磯谷場所の場合

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