ロシヤの極東政策と樺太久春古丹(クシュンコタン)占拠
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概要
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In September, 1853 (by the Russian calendar), Imperial Russia occupied Kushunkotan, now called Korsakov, on Sakhalin Island. Kushunkotan was the center of Matsumae Han's administration in Sakhalin. Though the occupation was a part of Russian expansion toward the Far East, the Russian goverment had been taking a non-aggressive policy in the Far East until the middle of the nineteenth century. This contradiction is explained by the fact that there were two courses the Russians were taking; one of them was remaining on the best possible terms with the Chinese and the Japanese, and the other was undertaking territorial expansion by force. The Russian occupation of Sakhalin must be considered in the context of the whole Russian Far Eastern policy of those days. The overland trade between Russia and China through Kiakhta began in the middle decades of the eighteenth century. Until the late 1850s this was the only Russo-Chinese trade authorized by the Chinese government. In the entire Russian Empire, the trade at Kiakhta was fourth in volume after St. Pertersburg, Riga and Odessa in the middle of the nineteenth century. Textiles came to hold first place among all the Russian goods exported to China in the first half of that century. In the 1840s about half of all the Russian manufactured cotton goods were exported to China. At that time, mechanization had started in Russia's cotton industry in advance of other industrial fields. China as well as Central Asia was one of the most important export markets for Russian cotton goods. As for the export of woolen cloth, that which was sent to China amounted to more than 90 percent of Russia's woolen exports. Not only was Kiakhta one of the four biggest centers of Russian foreign trade, but it also was an especially important center for Russia's export of factory-made textile goods. Therefore, the Russian government was apprehensive that aggression in the Far East might destroy the Kiakhta trade. From about 1849, Russian naval officers, including G. I. Nevelskoi, undertook some military action, namely, surveying the area and setting up military posts in the region of the lower Amur. Although the Russian government did order this activity out of fear of British and American penetration into the Far East, it hoped to avoid dissension in the area. Nevertheless the naval officers often acted arbitrarily and on their own suthority. As for the Russian occupation of Kushunkotan, Nevelskoi carried it out in disregard of instructions issued by N. N. Muravev-Amurskii, the then governor-general of Eastern Siberia, which ordered him not to interfere with the Japanese in Sakhalin. Thus, it can be said that at least until the time of the Crimean War the main policy of the Russian government was directed toward promoting the Kiakhta trade. It was certain that the Russian military activities in Kushunkotan meant a great threat to the Japanese at that time; however, in fact they were not sanctioned by the Russian government
- 社会経済史学会の論文
- 1979-12-25