マンチェスタの都市成長
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概要
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There are three factors making for urbanization which began with the Industrial Revolution. They are population growth, industrialization and the rise of the middle class. Sketches were made concerning some of these factors in Manchester during the Industrial Revolution : how they stimulated and determined the process of the urban growth of the town, and what the consequences were. The population of Manchester began to increase rapidly from around 1773, when a steam-driven factory had not yet been built. What brought about the population growth in this market town was the development of the cotton trade since the seventeenth century. The introduction of the factory system based on machinery, whose effect became to be felt strongly in the nineteenth century, increased the demand for labour. The population growth of the town, however, owed mainly to the immigration from surrounding rural districts, neighbouring countries and Ireland. The immigrants who swelled the industrial town were moved by the dream of a more prosperous way of life. And they brought to the town urbanism including anonymity and heterogeneity as a way of life. While the factory system forced the labourers and the townsmen into dissynchronization of work and life, education imposed time-discipline upon children, and these aspects of life have been socialized. Two main consequences of urban growth were the development of 'Urban Problems' and the pressure upon the old political system, the Court Leet. The rapid population increase outstripped the social overhead capital such as housing, streets, etc. The Court Leet's prime concern was not to deal with the deteriorated urban environment, but to keep the peace of the town. Both the townsmen and the Court Leet took that environment for granted as part of the normal pattern of urban life, so that no radical remedy was ever taken. In the last decades of the eighteenth century, on the other hand, industrialization and the increasing burden of taxation led to demands for political reform in Manchester. Apathy of the middle class towards the Court Leet was quickened into hostility against the manorial authorities. In consequence, the balance of power was completely changed in the first election based on the Reform Act of 1832, in which the middle class won overwelmingly against the old governing class. And also in the first election of the members of the Council in 1838 they gained a sweeping victory. Thus the subsequent course of politics in Manchester has come to be determined by the middle class.
- 社会経済史学会の論文
- 1972-02-20
著者
関連論文
- J・ラングトン、R・J・モリス編/米川伸一、原剛訳, 『イギリス産業革命地図近代化と工業化の変遷一七八〇-一九一四』, 原書房、一九八九年一一月、xxviii+二四九頁、一二、〇〇〇円
- アラン・D・ダイヤー著, 酒田利夫訳, 『イギリス都市の盛衰 : 1400〜1640年』, 早稲田大学出版部, 1998年4月, iv+145頁, 1,800円
- マンチェスタ地域における郊外化 (工業化と都市 : その社会経済史的考察)
- マンチェスタの都市成長