親方問屋主と賃労働者 : 一四〇〇-一六三〇年ニュルンベルク
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概要
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It is obvious that there were merchant-manufacturers and master-manufacturers in the phase of early capitalism. Old theories claimed that the master-manufacurers became merchants. But a second level of master-manufacturers, who were in fact the majority, never gave up using their handicraft tools and tended to restrict themselves within their handiwork. They thus enjoyed the smpathy of piece-masters, their co-masters in the crafts. It goes without saying that there were some large master-manufacturers. They acted as managers with no workshops of their own or as possessors of multiple workstations which were driven by water power. They were criticised as being 'greedy as merchants'. To the wage-earners (piece-masters, journeymen, apprentices and women) they seemed just like 'greedy merchants' criticised by Meistersingers such as Hans SACHS and Hans ROSENPLUT. This was because the rich suppressed the poor with low wages and the payment-in-kind system. The wage-earners wanted to work for middle- or small-scale master-manufacturers with properties of from 300-1000 Gulden. The laborers received a small amount of credit or materials from them. The craft-guilds backed up this putting-out system, because they gave the poor money and work. As merchants and the large master-manufacturers also organized the putting-out system, the poor wage-earners were always replaced. Thus social mobility fromthe bottom to the top was very rare. The poor signed putting-out contracts because of debt or credit requirements. Credit was needed to open new workshops or maintain old ones. The wage-earners' properties and annual income never reached 50 Gulden. Their poverty was characterised by the fact that they did not possess property, materials or even tools. They often changed occupations and escaped from cities to market-towns or to villages. The characteristic of the German putting-out system from 1400-1630 was that master-manufacturers, who did not want to switch over from handiwork to becomingmerchants, played a mass role with their crafts.
- 社会経済史学会の論文
- 1997-01-25
著者
関連論文
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