八重山群島西表島におけるイノシシ猟の生態人類学的研究
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概要
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The aim of this paper is to describe and analyse the wild-boar hunting activity in Iriomote Island based on the data obtained through the field research from 1978 to 1980. There is a large number of wild-boars (Sus scrofa riukiuanus) in lriomote, and wild-boar hunting with dogs and spears or various types of traps has been carried out for a long time. Even now, during the hunting season, from October to March, hundreds of wild-boars are captured by the islanders, most of whom use a kind of spring-trap. Trappers usually have their own hunting range and go hunting separately. As an object of ecological and anthropological study, wild-boar hunting in Iriomote has several interesting features. Firstly, there still exist many trappers who actively hunt wild-boars, which enables us to describe the hunting method in full detail and to analyse their activities based on direct observation. Secondly, in such an isolated and rather small island, the inhabitants and the wild-boar have been co-existing for a long time maintaining a mutual relationship. Thirdly, as the spring-trap method that the islanders use at present is widely distributed over the world, a lot of useful data can be collected about trap hunting. In this paper, the natural environment, including the ecology of the wild-boar and subsistence of the people, are described. And the trapping activity, which is now spread in the island, is described explicitly and analysed along with activity pattern and its distributions in time and space. Referring to the history of hunting in Iriomote and its social background, the social function of wild-boar hunting is also considered. Finally, hunting in Iriomote is compared with the Mbuti Pygmy's in Zaire, because both groups carry out hunting in a special environment, that is in the dense forest. For the purpose of analysis, the hunting activity of the trappers who specialize only in wild-boar hunting is observed throughout the hunting season. The composition of hunting activity which consists of "trap setting" and "trap patrol" is described and examined. The results are indicated as follows: It takes less than an hour for any hunter to approach any hunting range. The approach time is thus a small part of all the hunting time. Carrying time of the boars is also short. It takes no more than an hour and each patrol time takes no more than 3 hours. These facts mean that each hunting range is narrowly restricted. In fact, the extent of one hunting range is no more than 1 or 2 km^2. The patrol cycle is usually every 4 to 7 days. Short patrol cycles within 1 or 2 days frighten the wild boars away from the range. On the other hand, if the patrol cycle is too long, the trapped boar will die and lose its value as a valuable source of food. The 4 to 7 day cycle then keeps the range in its natural condition and yields a good number of boars. Concerning the efficiency of the trap, in 24 patrol cases out of 32 observed during the study period at least one or two boars were trapped and captured in each patrol, which indicates that trap hunting in Iriomote is performed quite efficiently. According to the analysis of the distribution of traps in the hunting range, the distribution pattern of traps is classified into three types as follows: 1. Feeding-spot pattern 2. Stream-side pattern 3. Ridge pattern Along with the above classification, the structure and utilization of the hunting range are re-examined. Traps are not distributed uniformly and at random, but are concentrated on several spots in the range. And the paths that each hunter follows for patrol are always fixed.
- 日本文化人類学会の論文
- 1980-06-30