First Commercialization, Dead Rock, and Quick Decay after Temporary Prosperity of Cellulose Nitrate Rayon Industry as Predecessor of Chemical Fiber Industry
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概要
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As a subsequent study a critical examination was carried out on a history of first commercialization of Chardonnet silk. Before establishment of the company, in 1889 Chardonnet displayed small spinning machine together with luster 'artificial silk' at Expo'89 at Paris. On 3^<rd>. December, 1890 'Societe anonyme pour la fabrication de la Chardonnet' was registered by Besancon's proprieters including J. B. Weibel and his collaborators with capital of 6 million francs at Besangon, Dout, France. Chardonnet was not a member of the board, but a consultant engineer. The plant of the company was constructed during 29^<th> January, 1891 and 1^<st> May, 1892. The planned production capacity was 50kg/day. The plant started its operation on June, 1892. Records of expenditure, fiber production, and production cost during June, 1892 and 1896 were summarized. Several troubles encountered in large scale production were discussed. Among them the inflammability of 'silk' was the most serious and operation was suspended in Jan. 1894 〜 April, 1894 and the factory scale experiments for improvement were performed. Chardonnet had worry about the flammability as early as 1886. He investigated in 1888〜1890 numerous reagents for denitration. However, he adopted, at the time of starting of operation (1892), lackadaisical means, fearing the deterioration and cost-up of the fibers. Technology transfer of Chardonnet process occurred first to Spreitenbach, Switzerland, where a private factory, owned by d'Asson in 1881, to whom Chardonnet licensed and gave technical guidance, was expanded to 'Societe' by Swiss capital (capital = 200 × 10^3 francs.) in 1892. This 'second factory' started its operation in 1893, soon stoped due to the same troubles as those at Besangon. De Asson resigned and new management replaced him. Role of F. Lehner, if any, in improvement of the original Chardonnet's process was examined in detail. 'Lehner' artificial silk company (an English company) was formed in 1892 based on Lehner's two primitive patents, but it did not work well. Lehner, who had no practical (even bench level) experience, joined to Spreitenbach factory to assist in 1894 and learnt the secret of Chardonnet silk process. The Besancon factory reopened on June, 1894 and since then the operation became very successful. Production records in 1890 〜 1909 at Besancon factory, Tubize, and Vereinigte Kunstseidefabrik (VKF) were summarized. The world production and its share of cellulose nitrate process decreased dramatically between 1909 〜 1913 and the industry followed quick decay, due to poor cost competitiveness against cuprammonium and viscose processes. Profit and deviviend of Chardonnet silk companies during 1898 〜 1921 were collected.
- 奈良産業大学の論文
- 2003-09-30
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