<研究ノート>イラン : 世俗化と「宗教の復興」 : 1920 年代-1970 年代
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概要
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This paper describes the process of secularization and religious revival in Iran, and the reasons for Islam's resurgence. In the secularization of Iran, begun by Reza Shah, three processes occurred. The first was reduction of the ulama's role in society. The second deprived religion of the function of the social integration. The third introduced a pluralist world in which no one set of values offers coherent and compelling meaning. Although the secularization process remained dominant, new symptoms of the Islamic revival can be observed already in the 1960s. The revival of Islam shows three distinctive features : restoration of the role of social integration to Islam; advocacy of the superiority of Islam against western values; and re-introduction of the ulama's role in the society. To summarize these trends : from the 1920s to 1950s, Islam was on the defensive against social change or, in other words, tried to preserve the status quo; during the 1960s, Islam experienced self-reformation; and in the 1970s, Islam emerged as a revolutionary ideology. Why has Islam revived? Compared with the secularization of Western Europe, the secularization of Iran was exogenous, enforced by political measures under the Shah, and carried out rapidly. Because of these features, the following question arose : is it possible to accept secularization without distorting Islam? To answer the question, reinterpretation of Islam was widely accepted. On the institutional level, the religious institution, which was regarded as an obstacle by westernized people, was still effective and attractive for those who could not receive the benefit of modernization. As the contradiction of modernization became apparent, this religious institution led the people in a revolutionary movement. Finally, the revival of religious practices can be considered as a means of self-expression for a people who had lost their identity through rapid social change. The analysis of this paper is concentrated on the objective level of religion; and the observation of the process of religious change is based on three indispensable elements of religion, that is, institution, ritual, and doctrine.
- 上智大学の論文
- 1984-12-26