「交易の時代」(9-16 世紀)のフィリピン : 貿易陶磁に基づく編年的枠組
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概要
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Chinese, Siamese, and Vietnamese porcelains were excavated at sites within the islands of Southeast Asia, and recently even Egyptian and Persian porecelains were also found in such sites, though their numbers are relatively few. Most of these porcelains are understood to heve been used as burial furnitures in old graves, prior to the 16th century when Europeans entered this area. Howerer in recent years discoveries of porcelains in other locations such as sunken ships and shell-middens has increased. The condition of the porcelains within the sunken ships reveals the fact that they were in process of transport. The shell-middens reveal porcelains for daily use which had been discarded. the discarded condition of porcelains which were used in daily life. These porcelains were exported as one categary of trading goods, since the 9th century from China. While most of the other exported articles such as silk material either decayed or disappeared, porcelains however remained at sites intact, though broken into little sherds. This quality of the porcelains constitutes them as important material with regard to the sites both for the determination of the dates of the sites as well as the clarification of their characteristics. Besides, these porcelains are also important for the understanding of the development of societies in Southeast Asia, brought by the intercours of trades. The area coverd by the export of Chinese porcelains extends from Japan in the east to Africa in the west. Despite this area covered by Chinese ceramic trade being so vast, those sites which have been declared to belong to the same perood are observed to reveal the same type of porcelains. For example, celadon wares of the late Tang dynasty or Five dynasty, blue and white wares of the Yuan dynasty, red painted wares of the Ming dynasty, and others, were found to be associated with the native pottery in sites locuted in many areas of the Philippines, and everal of those porcelains were also found in the Fustat site in Egypt as vrell as many sites in Japan. These porcelains were also found in the coastal areas around the Indian Ocean, the Red Sea, and the Persian Gulf. Hence ceramic trade can be used as diagnostic material for the study of maritime history, with regard to the eastern and western civilizations. The principal sites of Southeast Asia prior to the 16th century (refer the map) are currently grouped into five periods chronologically, on basis of the trade ceramics excavated at arious sites in Southeast Asia, as follows : * Period I (9th-10th century) The diagnostic porcelains of this period are celadons of Yueh(越)kiln, white wares of Ding(定)kiln and Xin(〓)kiln and wares of Changsha Tongguan(長沙銅官)kiln. These porcelains were found to be associated with early Islamic wares at sites in Kula isthmus in the Malay Peninsula, sites in the Philippines, and in the Dazaifu site in Japan. Porcelains produced in several kilns located in the coastal area of the Guangdong Province such as the Meixian(梅県)kiln, were also found in the Chaiya site in the Kula isthmus, Ko Kho Kao, and Java. * Period II (10th-12th century) Diagnostic porcelains of this period are celadon pouring vessels of the Yueh kiln, celadon jars with two ears of the Yueh kiln, celadon jars with a phoenix head of Guangzhou Xicun(広州西村)kiln, iron painted saucers of the Guangzhou Xicun kiln, and celadon pouring vessels of Chaozhou Bijiashan(潮州筆架山)kiln. These Guangdong province type porcelains were found in Brunei and in the Philippines. These porcelais are dated mainly to the eleventh century. * Period III (12th-13th century) Diagnostic porcelains of this period are celadon bowls and plates of the Tongan(同安)kiln, yellow glazed and painted large iron jars of Quanzhou(泉州)kiln, and celadon bowls of Longquan kiln. It is obvious that the main trade ceramics of this period were produced in the Fujian(福建)province. * Period IV (14th century) Diagnostic porcelains of this period are early
- 1992-12-26