對象認知の方向規制に關する發達的考察
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概要
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この論文は国立情報学研究所の学術雑誌公開支援事業により電子化されました。We are acquainted with numerous examples indicating that children seem to recognize objects in an upside down position much more easily than do adults. It has often been said as an explanation of this difference that our visual space acquires its directed structure through association with kinaesthetic experiences over a long period of time. However, we know of some experimental evidence which reveals, on the one hand, that the visual space of very young infants is already structured inhomogenously with respect to direction, and, on the other hand, that a child's perception is dominated by certain qualities of the whole which vary with a change in spatial orientation, and that the recognition of the inversion of a figure as such is probably a much harder task for children than for adults. It is obvious, therefore, that the simple association theory is wholly unsatisfactory. Prof. W. Kohler has suggested that it is not principally abnormal orientation in perceptual space, but inversion with regard to retinal coordinates, which alters the characteristics of our visual percepts, and thus make it difficult to recognize these percepts. Admitting that this is so, there still remains the question of whether or not a child differs from an adult in the relative efficacy of retinal coordinates and perceptual framework in determining the directedness of perceived figures. We have made a series of experiments on this point. Several reversible figures were presented to adults and to children aged five to ten years. They were viewed at first in the upright position, and then through outspread legs with head bent forward. When the figure was a simple design, children saw it more in accord with terrestrial coordinates, while the adult's percepts were more " head determined ". If the design represented some object, children predominantly recognized one more familiar to them, irrespective of its position, while the " head determined " direction seemed to maintain a dominant effect in adults. But, if a figure was of such a nature as the Street incomplete picture and strong organizing force was demanded to find a meaningful figure, adults as well as children predominantly recognized a more easily organizable one regardless of its position, Lastly, when a figure was of the nature of reversible faces, the head determined side was predominant in the majority of observers regardless of age. From these results we can draw the following conclusion. The organizing direction of a figure tends to correspond with retinal coordinates in children as well as adults, as far as stimuli can be organized in the form of a familiar object. But, the familiarity of a figure has a more dominating influence on children's perception. Retinal restration in determining visual direction is far more diffuse, and the terrestrial visual framework seems to be stronger in children than in adults.
- 京都大学の論文
- 1956-11-20