Calcium Ionophore Affecting the Invagination in Early Xenopus Development

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Role of calcium signaling in the embryonic axis formation was studied by using calcium ionophore. The Xenopus embryos treated with calcium ionophore at cleavage stages gave rise to incomplete formation of the trunk and the tail, whereas those treated at the blastula stage developed into larvae with head defects. In the embryos treated at cleavage stages, dotted aggregation of the pigment appeared along cleavage furrows soon after the beginning of the treatment, but cleavage itself proceeded normally. At the early stage of gastrulation, however, invagination occurred at multiple regions in the vegetal hemisphere, and a branching of involuting mesodermal sheets was recognized in the blastocoel. The yolk plug of these embryos did not close completely and neurulation proceeded irregularly. The ionophore-treated embryos finally developed into dwarf larvae with a small trunk and a pair of shrinking tails. Histological studies demonstrated that each of the branching tails possessed a neural tube and a notochord, but was devoid of trunk muscle on the inner side. RNase protection assay showed that expressions of gsc, Xwnt-8 and Xbra in the ionophore-treated embryos were equivalent with those of normal embryos. However, in whole mount in situ hybridization assays, it was found that gsc and Xbra were expressed broadly along the marginal zone around the unclosed yolk plug. These results suggest that calcium signaling during cleavage stages is closely related to the establish-ment of the dorsal-ventral patterning of Xenopus embryos.
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Calcium Ionophore Affecting the Invagination in Early Xenopus Development

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