Secondary-Structure Design of Proteins by a Backbone Torsion Energy

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We propose a new backbone-torsion-energy term in the force field for protein systems. This torsion-energy term is represented by a double Fourier series in two variables, the backbone dihedral angles φ and ψ. It gives a natural representation of the torsion energy in the Ramachandran space in the sense that any two-dimensional energy surface periodic in both φ and ψ can be expanded by the double Fourier series. We can then easily control secondary-structure-forming tendencies by modifying the torsion-energy surface. For instance, we can increase/decrease the α-helix-forming tendencies by lowering/raising the torsion-energy surface in the α-helix region and likewise increase/decrease the β-sheet-forming tendencies by lowering/raising the surface in the β-sheet region in the Ramachandran space. We applied our approach to AMBER parm94 and AMBER parm96 force fields and demonstrated that our modifications of the torsion-energy terms resulted in the expected changes of secondary-structure-forming tendencies by performing folding simulations of α-helical and β-hairpin peptides.
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