International Relations in the Himalayan Region: The Case of Indo-Nepal Relations:The "Nation-States"and International Politics in South Asia
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The purpose of this paper is to examine the nature of international relations in the Himalayan region. Being land-locked between India and China but bordered on the north by the huge, arid Tibetan plateau in China, Nepal has had an easier access to the outside world through India. This geographical position and exposure to India have made Nepal heavily dependent on India. At the same time, Nepal has played a role of buffer state between India and China. From the perspective of India's security, Nepal has held a strategic importance. India has developed a strong sense of insecurity over years in the relationship with China. The importance of Nepal arises from Nepal's geographical position between India and China.In order to keep the border area favorable to India or at least undisturbed, India needed to keep close relations with Nepal. For this purpose India maintained a calculated policy with respect to Nepal. The Treaty of Peace and Friendship signed by India and Nepal in 1950 laid the foundation for the relationship between the two countries. In the political and economic sphere, articles 6 and 7 are significant as both countries agreed to treat the citizens of each other's countries as their own with regard to economic matters. Provision for this reciprocal national treatment grew as one of the sources of irritation from Nepal to India. Nepal started to feel that it was playing a loser's part and feared the dominance of India.In such circumstances, Nepal looked towards China as an effective means of leverage vis-à-vis India. The policy worked to some extent, but, on the whole, India's political and economic presence in Nepal did not allow Nepal to act independently. The trade "impasse" imposed by India in 1989 was one of the cases. The reason India took this step was that it uncovered evidence of the purchase of arms by Nepal from China and the presence of a Chinese technical team in a National Highway construction project along the Indo-Nepali border. India took these issues very seriously. Consequently, the supply of essential commodities to Nepal was virtually suspended and life came to a standstill.The economic crisis caused by the trade "impasse" was solved by political changes in Nepal and India and by the gradual improvement in the India-China relations. The relationship between Nepal and India started to show signs of change in the 1990s. Negotiations between the governments have grown more transparent and straightforward. For example, Nepal began to press for changes in the Treaty of Peace and Friendship of 1950, especially the parts which Nepal felt to be unfavorable and India has agreed to look into the matter. Despite frequent changes in governments in both countries, there is a hint that a kind of consensus in bilateral relations is being established and shared by both countries.
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