India and the Indian Ocean Region: The Evolution of an Economy-Oriented Relationship since 1990s and its Historical Background:The "Nation-States"and International Politics in South Asia
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In the 1990s, India has experienced an unprecedented tightening of its relations with some African and Gulf countries. The amount of trade with them has considerably increased. Joint ventures with foreign capital in India and abroad were newly set up. Political missions on the presidential or ministerial level often visited each other. This phenomenon is impressive, especially when we compare it with the situation until the 1980s. In the 1990s India has changed its economic as well as political regime and its overall foreign relationship has been drastically transforming itself. Though the enlarging relation with East and South-East Asian countries, and with North America is more striking, for example in terms of amount of trade, the expansion of relationship with African and some other Indian Ocean region countries is also substantial and no less important in quality and novelty. In fact, since 1990s India has been making strategic access to the Indian Ocean region, and searched for a new position within it. Moreover, this development has been encouraged by the corresponding movement on the part of some countries in the region, like South Africa and Mauritius, which see the framework of Indian Ocean region advantageous for their own economic and political strategy.This essay has multiple aims. One is to situate this new phase in the long time history of Indian Ocean region, and thereby illuminate the novelty of this contemporary situation. The second is to map out the detailed aspects of this economic as well as political change between India and some countries around the Indian Ocean since 1990s. The third is to direct our attention to the non-governmental entities like private companies and migrants so as to re-evaluate the macro change of economy and politics.Major findings can be summarized as follows. The drastic change of situation between India and the Indian Ocean region has been brought out mainly by the co-incidence of three events, namely the end of the Cold War, India's turn into the open economy and South Africa's return to the world economy with leanings to the Asian area. This co-incidence led to the emergence of an economy-oriented strategy among countries in the region, which consciously downplay the memory of historical opposition and minimize the gap of political or ideological differences.; Though the Indian Ocean region saw the establishment of a regional cooperative association IOR-ARC (Indian Ocean Rim-Association for Regional Cooperation), several economically potential countries like India, South Africa and the Gulf countries are unmistakably dominant players. The relationship between these countries and other marginal countries stand on some hierarchical order, which dates back to the colonial period.; While the tightening of relations among countries in this region has been dominantly led by the logic of economic benefit, it has not been untouched by political and social paradox. In fact, it tends to alienate some countries like Pakistan and some social groups including the minority businessmen.
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